Herbivore urine

Control odor herbivore urine (from cow, goat, sheep, or deer)... 

Readily cross cell membranes generally moderate to good absorption from GIT but species-dependent effective concentrations achieved in intra- and transcellular as well as extracellular fluids except for poor penetration of sulfonamides into intracellular fluid due to acidic environment ability to penetrate into CSF and ocular fluids depends on plasma protein binding (e.g., most sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines penetrate well) weak acids are ion-trapped in fluids alkaline relative to plasma, such as herbivore urine weak bases are ion-trapped in fluids acidic relative to plasma (e.g., prostatic fluid, milk, intracellular fluid, carnivore urine) commonly dependent on biotransformation for termination of activity but may also be excreted unchanged in urine and/or bile some drugs actively secreted into bile... 

Benzoic acid in the free state, or in the form of simple derivatives such as salts, esters, and amides, is widely distributed in nature. Gum benzoin (from styrax ben in) may contain as much as 20% benzoic acid in the free state or in combinations easily broken up by heating. Acaroid resin (from anthorrhoca haslilis) contains from 4.5 to 7%. Smaller amounts of the free acid are found in natural products including the scent glands of the beaver, the bark of the black cherry tree, cranberries, pmnes, ripe cloves, and oil of anise seed. Pern and Tolu balsams contain benzyl benzoate the latter contains free benzoic acid as well. The urine of herbivorous animals contains a small proportion of the glycine derivative of benzoic acid, hippuric acid [495-69-2] (CgH CONHCH2COOH). So-called natural benzoic acid is not known to be available as an item of commerce. 

Omnivores excrete a more acidic urine than herbivores. Investigators have demonstrated increased urinary acid and calcium by feeding acid-producing chemicals. 

Not surprisingly, much research in sharks, skates and rays has focused on the responses of sharks to human body odors. Human blood attracts sharks, while sweat does not, and urine was even slightly repellent (Tester, 1963). Practitioners use whale meat and mixtures of fish meal and fish oils as shark attrac-tants. In both carnivorous and herbivorous bony fish (Osteichthyes) smell deals with prey odors, social odors, and chemical stimuli in homing, and it is mediated by the first cranial nerve, the olfactory nerve. By contrast, taste serves in detection and selection of food and avoidance of toxic food, and it employs the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. 

Uric acid is found in the urine, blood, and muscle juices of carnivorous animals (herbivorous animals secrete hippuric acid), in the excrement of birds, serpents and insects, and is an oxidation product of the complex nitrogenous compounds of the animal organism. 

The predator scents typically used in experiments are urine, extracts of feces, scent gland products, or combinations of these. Behavioral responses of small mammal to predator odor stimuli range from vigilance to avoiding the site, and feeding inhibition. We can test squirrels responses to odors of an arboreal predator (cat), a ground predator (fox), and to humans (in most areas harmless pedestrians, but in others they are squirrel hunters), and compare them with their behavior toward odors of a nondangerous herbivore, such as deer or cattle. 

The biological functions of such plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been debated for a long time. They often have antimicrobial functions, but also serve as repellents and feeding inhibitors against herbivorous insects and vertebrates, notably birds and mammals. Animals have evolved many mechanisms to cope with phenolics in their diet. These start with food processing. For instance, beavers consume experimental sticks of the phenolics-rich witch hazel only after leaving them in the water for 2-3 days, apparently to leach out unpalatable compounds (Miiller-Schwarze et al. 2001). Many birds and mammals eat clay to adsorb phenolics so they never will be absorbed in the intestines. If they are taken up in the blood stream, such PSMs will eventually be rendered harmless by oxidation and other processes, followed by conjugation, in the liver. They then will be excreted in the urine. 

This hydroxy-indol occurs in the urine of herbivorous animals as indoxylsulphuric acid. Indol is converted into indoxyl-sulphuric acid in the animal organism. From this compound indoxyl is formed by warming with concentrated hydrochloric acid. It may also be obtained by heating indoxylic acid, according to the equation ... 

Benzole acid 3942-3 CqH5C02H An acid, crystallizing In the form of light, white, satiny flakes, which occurs In benzoin and other resins. In cranberries and (combined) In the urine of herbivorous animals. Commercially It Is prepared from toluene. It is used in medicine as an antiseptic. 

Htppuric Acid, N-Benzoylglyci n e benzoyl ami no -acetic acid benzamido cetic acid. C H NO, mol wt 179.17. C 60.33%. H 5.06%, N 7.82%, O 26.79%. C4H CONHCHr COOH. Present in the urine of herbivorous ammals also in smaller amounts in human urine. Prepd from benzoyl chlo ride and glycine in NaOH soln Ingersolk, Babcock Org. Syn. coll. vol. II, 328 (1943). 

Benzoic acid—Acidum benzoicum (TJ. S.)—C Ht(COOH)—132— exists ready foruied in benzoin, tolu balsam, castoreum, and several resins. It does not exist in animal nature, so far as is at present known in those situations in which it has been found, it has resulted from decomposition of hippurio acid (.q.v.), or has been introduced from without. AVhen taken in moderate doses, it does not pass out in its own form, but is converted into hip-purie acid in excessive doses a portion is eliminated unchanged in the urine. It is obtained from benzoin, or from the urine of herbivorous animals and is formed in a variety of reactions. 

Benzoic Acid, CeHs.COOH, occurs in gum-benzoin, in many resins, in the balsams of Peru and Tolu, in cranberries, in coal-tar, and in combination with glycine as hippuric acid in the urine of herbivorous animals. It may be made by the general synthetic methods which have been described. It is prepared for use in pharmacy bysublimination from gum-benzoin. It is manufactured on the large scale from toluene, and is a by-product in the preparation of benzaldehyde. Toluene is converted by direct oxidation into benzoic acid. As benzyl chloride, C6H5.CH2CI, is more readily oxidized than toluene, the latter is first treated with chlorine, and then heated with dilute nitric acid. It has been shown recently that if a mixture of air and the vapor of toluene is passed over vanadium oxide at about 400° the hydrocarbon is oxidized to benzoic acid. 

Sulfonamide excretion occurs partly via the parent compounds in urine (most readily if urine pH is alkaline, as in herbivores), but predominantly through the less lipid-soluble and therefore more readily excreted metabolites described above. Some sulfonamides are also excreted via the active carrier-mediated transport system, which secretes organic acids from peritubular capillaries across proximal convoluted tubule cells and into tubular lumen fluid. Acetylated sulfonamides are usually less water-soluble than the parent compounds and are the main cause of the crystalluria that can occur, leading to tubular damage. Only small amounts are excreted in bile and milk. 

C9H9NO3, Mr 179.17, mp. 187-188 °C. H. occurs in the urine of most mammals, especially herbivorous animals. It was first isolated by J. v. Liebig from horse urine (= Greek hippou ouron). The biosynthesis proceeds from benzoic acid or related aromatic compounds and glycine under the action of hippuricase (EC 3.5.1.14). 

In common with many other aromatic compounds, benzoic acid was first discovered in a renewable raw material, namely gum benzoin, by Blaise de Vigenere as early as in the 16th century. Carl Wilhelm Scheele further studied this raw material in 1755, and it remained the main source for medicinal benzoic acid until the mid-nineteenth century. The first technical synthesis of benzoic acid was based on naphthalene, via the intermediate phthalic anhydride this synthesis was introduced in 1863. In 1877, August Wilhelm von Hofmann reported the synthesis of benzoic acid from hippuric acid, which is present in the urine of herbivores. 

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