Antimicrobial functionalization

Billing J, Sherman PW (1998) Antimicrobial functions of spices why some like it hot. Quart Rev Biol 73 3 9... 

Waschinski CJ, Herdes V, Schueler L et al. (2005) Influence of satellite groups on telechelic antimicrobial functions of polyoxazolines. Macromol Biosci 5 149-156... 

Waschinski CJ, Tiller JC (2005) Poly(oxazoline)s with telechelic antimicrobial functions. Biomacromolecules 6 235-243... 

Lichter JA, Rubner MF (2009) Polyelectrolyte multilayers with intrinsic antimicrobial functionality the importance of mobile polycations. Langmuir 25 7686-7694... 

The first quantitative NBT test was developed by Baehner and Natham in 1968 to detect neutrophil dysfunction in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The neutrophil membranes of CGD patients lack the specific cytochrome >245 which is a key component in generating superoxide by the cell, following bacterial stimulation of the cell. As a result the patients neutrophils are incapable of responding with a respiratory burst, failing to generate the free radicals necessary for the antimicrobial function of this cell. 

The synthesis of NO from dietary nitrite, under the acid conditions of the stomach and the presence of reductants such as ascorbic acid, has been proposed to have an antimicrobial function. 

Nutrition, antioxidant (reducing agent) possible antimicrobial function. 

The biological functions of such plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been debated for a long time. They often have antimicrobial functions, but also serve as repellents and feeding inhibitors against herbivorous insects and vertebrates, notably birds and mammals. Animals have evolved many mechanisms to cope with phenolics in their diet. These start with food processing. For instance, beavers consume experimental sticks of the phenolics-rich witch hazel only after leaving them in the water for 2-3 days, apparently to leach out unpalatable compounds (Miiller-Schwarze et al. 2001). Many birds and mammals eat clay to adsorb phenolics so they never will be absorbed in the intestines. If they are taken up in the blood stream, such PSMs will eventually be rendered harmless by oxidation and other processes, followed by conjugation, in the liver. They then will be excreted in the urine. 

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was used to form ionic bonds with Acrilan (acrylonitrile copolymer) woven fabrics in order to confer antimicrobial functions to the fabrics. The finished fabrics showed good efficacy against Escherichia coli and the washing durability of the antimicrobial properties was excellent. The CPC uptake on the Acrilan fibres depended on the pH during the finishing process, concentration of the CPC and the finishing temperature. High pH and temperatures were... 

The vitamin D receptor (VDR/NR1I1) is a member of the superfamily of steroid hormone receptors. It regulates calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and exerts immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions [119]. VDR binds to and mediates the calcemic effects of calcitriol (la,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3) after forming an heterodimer with RXR. la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 negatively regulates its own synthesis by repressing the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 la-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in a cell-type selective event that involves different combinations of multiple VDR response elements [120, 121]. 

Eernandes, J.M.O., Smith, V. J. A novel antimicrobial function for a ribosomal peptide from rainbow trout skin. Biochem. Biophys. 

Musso T, Calosso L, Zucca M, Millesimo M, Puliti M, Bulfone-Paus S, Merlino C, Savoia D, Cavallo R, Ponzi AN, Badolato R Interleukin-15 activates proinflammatory and antimicrobial functions in polymorphonuclear cells. Infect Immun 1998 66 2640-2647. 

An ideal antimicrobial functional finish should fulfill the following requirements [36, 47, 66,128,133,150] ... 

The most currently used approaches for efficient and permanent fixation of chitosan and chitosan derivatives onto/within the cellulosic fabrics to impart antimicrobial functional properties are summarized in Table 6.2. 

Doakhan et al. [28] have studied the feasibility of using sericin/ Ti02 nanocomposite as antimicrobial finishing agent to impart antimicrobial functionality to cotton fabric, using the pad-dry-cure technique in the presence and absence of polycarboxylic acid as a cross-linker, e.g., BTCA, CA. The obtained results showed that... 

Some applications of Na-alginate as well as Aloe vera gel in antimicrobial functionalization of cotton fabrics are shown in Table 6.4. 

Table 6.4 Antimicrobial functionalization of cotton fabrics using some bio-active materials based on Na-alginate and Aloe vera... 

Using microcapsules technique, by ionic gelatin, enhanced the durability of the imparted antimicrobial functionality even after 15 washes -The antimicrobial activity against both E. coli, and S. aureus bacteria followed the decreasing order S. aureus > E. coU... 

In mammalians, mono-ADP-ribosylation appears to take place primarily on the surface of immune cells. The corresponding transferases are either anchored in the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) or secreted. For example, in the lung, the antimicrobial function of a-defensin-1, which is secreted by immune cells, is diminished by mono-ADP-ribosylation. ... 

The log reduction of the bacterial activity was calculated, and it was noted that the sample treated with water repellent only decreased the antimicrobial activity of the fabric. A negative log reduction indicates more bacterial growth than an untreated sample. Although the reasons for this are unknown, it makes the difference between this and DADMAC-based antimicrobial finish more significant. These samples were antimicrobial enough to overcome the starting disadvantage caused by the water-repellent treatment and impart substantial antimicrobial functionality to the fabric (Davis etal., 2011). 

Given psyllium s strong metal binding ability and its possible role in uniform dispersion of the ions and their subsequent release under suitable conditions, it could be particularly beneficial to systems including silver and copper ions which are popular with antimicrobial functionalities. Singh et al (37) have studied psyllium potentials in... 

FIGURE 12.9 Schematic representation of the smart polyrnCT coating that can repeatedly switch between the antimicrobial function (CB-Ring), which is able to kill bacteria under dry conditions, and defending function (CB-0 ), which is able to release and resist bacteria under wet conditions. CB-Ring can be hydrolyzed to CB-0 in neutral or basic aqueous solutions and can be regenerated by dipping CB-0 in acidic media [140]. 

Lichenysin exhibits high surface activity and chelating activity that explains its antimicrobial functions. They are stable in a range of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration. Lichenysin are good candidates for microbial EOR, where they are stable at extreme condition of oil wells and improve the recovery of crude oil compared to conventional... 

This chapter describes their synthesis on a laboratory scale, some of the properties of noncommercial antimicrobial lipopeptidic surfactants derived from At -acyl arginine, and the relationships between antimicrobial function and the chemical structure of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties. 

Gomes, S.C., Leonor, I.B., Mano, J.F., Reis, R.L., Kaplan, D.L., 2011. Antimicrobial functionalized genetically engineered spider silk. Biomaterials 32, 4255—4266. 

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