Herbicides endocrine disruption

This third part of the book will be devoted mainly to the problem of addressing complex pollution problems and how they can be studied employing new biomarker assays that exploit new technologies of biomedical science. Chapter 13 will give a broad overview of this question. The following three chapters, The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides, Endocrine Disrupters, and Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects, will all provide examples of the study of complex pollution problems. 

More controversially, endocrine disruption as a consequence of exposure to the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine), one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, has also been hypothesized to explain various adverse biological effects in frog populations in the United States. Exposure to atrazine in the laboratory at high concentrations, far exceeding those found in the natural environment, has been reported to induce external deformities in the anuran species Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica, and Bufo americanus (Allran and Karasov 2001). Studies by Hayes et al. have suggested that atrazine can induce hermaphroditism in amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations (Hayes et al. 2002 Hayes et al. 2003). Laboratory studies with atrazine also indicated the herbicide... 

Hess, R.A., Iguchi, T. (2002). Role of herbicides and pesticides on endocrine disruption. In Proceedings of Annual Conference of the Society for Theriogenology and American College of Theriogenologists, Colorado Springs, CO, pp. 443-52. 

Chronic exposure to some common chlorophenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D through drinking water can potentially cause damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Chronic exposure to 2,4-D has also been linked to immune system suppression and endocrine disruption. Carcinogenic potential of these herbicides is not clear. 2,4-D and MCPA, which are commonly used in wheat production, have been linked to birth defects. 

See also Elemental Speclatlon Practicalities and Instrumentation. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Environmental Analysis. Geochemistry Soil, Major Inorganic Components Soil, Minor Inorganic Components Soil, Organic, Components. Herbicides. Humic and Fulvic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination. Surfactants and Detergents. Water Analysis Organic Compounds. 

Endocrine disrupting compounds = Exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior (e.g., alkylphenols, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, bisphenol-A, polybrominated flame retardants, dioxins, furans, herbicides, pesticides, and steroid hormones). 

Major Applications Organic light emitting devices, electroluminescent devices, laser dyes, photography, plastic scintillation applications, 3 herbicides, eyeglass lenses, cosmetics Safety/Toxicity Endocrine disrupters " ... 

Bechi N, letta F, Romagnoli R et al (2010) Environmental levels of para-nonylphenol are able to affect cytokine secretion in human placenta. Environ Health Perspect 118(3) 427-431 Bennasroune A, Rojas L, Foucaud L et al (2012) Effects of 4-nonylphenol and/or diisononylphthalate on THP-1 cells impact of endocrine disrupters on human immune system parameters. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 25(2) 365-376 Bono-Blay F, Guart A, de la Fuente B et al (2012) Survey of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and herbicides in Spanish source waters intended for bottling. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19(8) 3339-3349... 

The identification problem or the specificity of the determination can be a complicated matter because of the large number of analytes, matrix components, and the variability of environmental matrices depending upon location. There are now over 11 million organic compounds recognized by the Chemical Abstracts Registry, with over 30000 compounds considered as chemicals of commerce, and perhaps 500 to 1000 routinely measured as members of industrial solvents, disinfection by-products, insecticides, PNAs, herbicides, organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, phenols, anilines, benzidines, and potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. 

Unfortunately, these herbicides are detected commonly in ground- and drinking water, and, accordingly, these molecules have been banned in Europe because their use has been linked to cancer and endocrine gland disruption in humans. 

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