Hematopoietic stem cell/bone transplantation

Regarding the source of hematopoietic stem cells, the transplant maybe from bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood. 

The term hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has supplanted the previously employed term bone marrow transplantation to reflect the broader range of donor stem cell sources that are now available bone marrow, fetal cord blood, and growth-factor-stimulated peripheral blood (Kotloff et al. 2004). Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of leukemia, aplastic anemia, myeloma, and some forms of lymphoma and solid tumors. It is estimated that more than 50,000 marrow and HSC transplantations are performed annually worldwide (Tabbara et al. 2002). 

Leather HL. Drug interactions in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipient What every transplanter needs to know. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004 33 137-152. 

Autologous non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with systemic sclerosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007 40 549-555. 

Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Schmid 0 et al. Change in stem cell source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Europe a report of the EBMT activity survey 2003. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005 36 575-590. 

Hematopoietic stem cells are used to treat people whose own blood-forming cells fail because of a rare condition called aplastic anemia, or to help people who have been accidentally exposed to very high doses of irradiation. Hematopoietic stem cells are most often used as part of the treatment for certain forms of cancer. Sometimes cancer patients are given very high doses of irradiation and/or chemotherapy drugs that destroy the blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow. Transplants with the patient s own blood stem cells that were removed before the treatment, or stem cells from a healthy donor, allow the patient to recover. The transplant process is very simple The cells in a salt solution are slowly injected into a vein just like a blood transfusion. If the blood stem cells come from a donor, then the donor and the patient must share certain inherited proteins to make sure that the donor s immune system cells will not attack the treated patient. 

Several sources have reported using stem cells including embryonic stem cells, adult liver progenitors, and transdifferentiated nonhepatic cells in cell-based thera-pies. Hepatocyte lineage in vitro has been reported in murine embryonic stem cells." It is apparent that hematopoietic stem cells can generate hepatocytes directly. This has been shown in rodent models and confirmed in humans by a study of recipients of bone marrow and liver transplants. ... 

There is another aspect of immune function that is affected by the CaMK cascade. This aspect is the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells that reside in bone marrow and give rise to blood. These cells are clinically important in bone marrow transplants. CaMKIV is expressed in the hematopoietic progenitor population that contains stem cells and are called KLS cells (based on the status of three cell surface markers c-Kit+, Sca-1+, Liir/low). Bone marrow from Camk4 / mice was found to contain a decreased number of KLS cells, as well as a decreased number of leukocytes in the blood (Kitsos et al., 2005). Moreover, the KLS cells from Camk4 / mice are functionally impaired and unable to reconstitute blood upon bone marrow... 

First successful bone marrow transplantation between two siblings 1978 Hematopoietic stem cells discovered in human cord blood 1981 Murine embryonic stem cells derived from mouse inner cell mass 1983 Fetal cells reported to repair spinal cord injury 1988 Isolation of murine hematopoietic stem cells 1988 Fetal pancreatic cells used in diabetic patients... 

Observations of metabolic cross-correction provided the rationale for cellular replacement, achieved primarily through allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell or bone transplantation (HSCT) (Prasad and Kurtzberg, 2008). More recently, the use of neural stem cells (NSC) implanted in the brain of patients with late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis has been contemplated (Pierret et al., 2008) but there are no reports as yet of its potential efficacy. Within the central nervous system there must be proper integration of donor cells, and differentiation into appropriate cell types. As specialized cell types within the nervous system elaborate neurotransmitters and are involved with conducting electrical impulses, functional differentiation may be a major hurdle for the neurodegenerative LSDs. 

Craig RM, Traynor A, Otama Y, Burt RK (2003) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe Crohn s disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 32(Suppl l) S57-59. 

Mullen CA, Nair J, Sandesh S, Chan KW. Fever and neutropenia in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000 25(l) 59-65. 

Nilsson C, Aschan J, Hentschke P, Ringden O, Ljnngman P, Hassan M. The effect of metronidazole on bnsnlfan pharmacokinetics in patients nndergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003 31(6) 429-35. 

Perseghin P, Balduzzi A, Bonaiiomi S, Dassi M, Buscemi F, Longoni D, Rovelli A, Uderzo C. Infusion-related side-effects in children undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000 26(1) 116-18. 

Cohen AD, Luger SM, Sickles C, Mangan PA, Porter DL, Schuster SJ, Tsai DE, Nasta S, Gewirtz AM, Stadtmauer EA. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) monotherapy for relapsed AML after hematopoietic stem cell transplant efficacy and incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002 30(l) 23-8. 

At present the only curative treatment is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapy by introduction of a normal UROS gene into the patient s hematopoietic stem cells remains under development. ... 

Tanaka Y, Kanda Y, Kami M, Mori S, Hamaki T, Kusumi E, et al. Monitoring cytomegalovirus infection by antigenemia assay and two distinct plasma real-time PCR methods after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002 30 315-9. 

---