Murine-derived embryonic stem cells

First successful bone marrow transplantation between two siblings 1978 Hematopoietic stem cells discovered in human cord blood 1981 Murine embryonic stem cells derived from mouse inner cell mass 1983 Fetal cells reported to repair spinal cord injury 1988 Isolation of murine hematopoietic stem cells 1988 Fetal pancreatic cells used in diabetic patients... 

Parrag IC, Zandstra PW, Woodhouse KA. Fiber alignment and cocnltnre with fibroblasts improves the differentiated phenotype of murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissne engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng March 2012 109(3) 813-22. 

Waese, E.Y. and W.L. Stanford, One-step generation of murine embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm progenitors and chondrocytes in a serum-free monolayer differentiation system. Stem Cell Res, 2011.6(1) 34-49. 

Matsui, Y Zsebo, K. M and Hogan, B. L. M. (1992). Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture. Cell 70 841-847. 

As a prerequisite for fine motor control, skeletal muscle fibers are electrically isolated from one another, and, accordingly, do not express either connexin-43 (the major gap junction protein) or N-cadherin (the major adherens protein in cardiac intercalated discs). Asynchronous islands of intramyocardial skeletal muscle can result in lethal arrhythmias in mice [21]. Although cell types such as fetal cardiomyocytes [22] and cardiomyocytes derived from murine or human embryonic stem cells [23] are capable of electromechanical coupling, their clinical use has unfortunately been hampered by technical, ethical, moral, social and legal hurdles. 

Surprisingly, the use of cocultures with degradable PUs in cardiac TE systems has been limited when vascular grafts are excluded from the research. A study by Parrag et al. used murine-derived embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEEs) to TE cardiomyocyte-derived tissues. mESCs are pluripotent cells that require proper cues to differentiate into specific cell types. In the study, Parrag et al. showed that both the coculture of mESCs with MEEs and the use of aligned microfi-brous PU scaffolds provided the cues necessary to induce mESC differentiation to a functioning cardiomyocyte phenotype [104]. 

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