Headache side effects

How does physical exercise alleviate depression One possibility is that it increases the release of endorphins that produce a sense of well-being, sometimes referred to as the runner s high . Another possibility is that it is a placebo effect. But even if it is a placebo effect, consider the differences between exercise and antidepressants in side effects. Side effects of antidepressants include sexual dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, drowsiness, seizures, diarrhoea and headaches. Side effects of physical exercise include enhanced libido, better sleep, decreased body fat, improved muscle tone, greater life expectancy, increased strength and endurance and improved cholesterol levels. So if both antidepressants and exercise work by means of the placebo effect, which placebo would you prefer ... 

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache. Side-effects may depend upon the way that the drug is administered (i.e. topical, tablet). 

Isoetherine is a short-acting 182-sympathomimetic which has recently been introduced as an oral slow-release preparation. In 39 asthmatic patients treated wdth 10 mg and 20 mg doses 4 times daily for 3 months tremor and palpitations were the most common side effects, causing one patient to refuse treatment and 2 to reduce the dose 5 experienced palpitations, 4 tiredness, 4 cramp in arms or legs and 1 headache. Side effects were recorded mainly during the first 3 weeks (14 ). 

Common side effects of theophylline therapy include headache, dyspepsia, and nausea. More serious side effects such as lethal seizures or cardiac arrythmias can occur if blood levels are too high. Many derivatives of theophylline have been prepared in an effort to discover an analogue without these limitations (60,61). However, the most universal solution has resulted from the development of reHable sustained release formulations. This technology limits the peaks and valleys in semm blood levels that occur with frequent dosing of immediate release formulations. ControUed release addresses the problems inherent in a dmg which is rapidly metabolized but which is toxic at levels ( >20 7g/mL) that are only slightly higher than the therapeutically efficacious ones (10—20 p.g/mL). Furthermore, such once-a-day formulations taken just before bedtime have proven especially beneficial in the control of nocturnal asthma (27,50,62). 

Venlafaxine (48) is a stmcturaHy novel phenylethylamine derivative that strongly inhibits both noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake. It lacks anticholinergic, antihistaminergic, and antiadrenergic side effects. As compared to placebo, most common adverse events are nausea, somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth, and sweating. Venlafaxine-treated patients also experienced more headaches and nausea, but less dry mouth, dizziness, and tremor than patients treated with comparator antidepressants. 

SSRIs are widely used for treatment of depression, as well as, for example, panic disorders and obsessive—compulsive disorder. These dmgs are well recognized as clinically effective antidepressants having an improved side-effect profile as compared to the TCAs and irreversible MAO inhibitors. Indeed, these dmgs lack the anticholinergic, cardiovascular, and sedative effects characteristic of TCAs. Their main adverse effects include nervousness /anxiety, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, insomnia, tremor, dizziness, headache, and sexual dysfunction. The most commonly prescribed SSRIs for depression are fluoxetine (31), fluvoxamine (32), sertraline (52), citalopram (53), and paroxetine (54). SSRIs together represent about one-fifth of total worldwide antidepressant unit sales. 

Nicotinamide can also be toxic to cells at concentrations that increase the NAD levels above normal. Individuals consuming nicotinamide at levels of 3 g/d for extended periods (3—36 months) have experienced various side effects such as heartburn, nausea, headaches, hives, fatigue, sore throat, dry hair, and tautness of the face (1). 

Since about 85% of the administered dose is passed unchanged in the feces of the patient, selective toxicity of the dmg can be attributed primarily to poor absorption. Side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headaches, and vertigo or drowsiness. Skin rashes can also develop. Pyrantel pamoate is produced by Pfi2er, Inc., New York, New York. 

Indications are mycoses of the skin, hair, and nails due to species of Trichophyton Tpidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum. Yeasts and bacteria are not sensitive. Griseofulvin has a very weak effect against Side effects may include headaches and gastrointestinal disorders, but they are usually only... 

Toxicological studies have demonstrated that there are no important problems with fluconazole. Therapeutic doses of fluconazole may cause enzyme induction in the Hver. This suggests that interactions with other dmgs cannot be excluded. The side effects are similar to those of itraconazole and include nausea, headache, and vertigo. Occasionally, increased Hver enzymes may be noted. Like itraconazole, fluconazole is contraindicated during pregnancy. 

The Class I agents have many similar side effects and toxicities. The anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary hesitancy and retention. Common gastrointestinal (GI) side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Cardiovascular adverse effects are hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and myocardial depression, especially in patients with congestive heart failure. Common central nervous system (CNS) side effects are headache, dizziness, mental confusion, hallucinations, CNS stimulation, paraesthesias, and convulsions. 

Because of its brief half-life and minimal hpid solubihty, the side effects of esmolol are transient and include hypotension, cold extremities, dyspnea (from bronchospasms), bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and headaches (41). 

The side effects and toxic reactions to verapamil iaclude upper GI upset, constipation, di22iaess, headaches, flushing and burning, edema, hypotension, bradycardia, and various conduction disturbances. Verapamil has negative iaotropic activity and may precipitate heart failure ia patients having ventricular dysfunction (1,2). 

The side effects or toxic effects that the calcium antagonists have in common are hypotension, facial flushing, headache, di22iness, weakness, sedation, skin rash, edema, constipation, and abdominal discomfort (nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pressure). 

Better antihypertensive effect of P-adrenoceptor blockers is found in patients having high PRA and most are not efficacious in patients having low PRA or in elderly patients. P-Adrenoceptor blockers usually lower arterial blood pressure about 10 mm Hg (1.3 kPa). Side effects include lethargy, dyspnea, nausea, dizziness, headache, impotency, cold hands and feet, vivid dreams and nightmares, bronchospasm, bradycardia, and sleep disturbances. 

Verapamil (Table 1), the first slow channel calcium blocker synthesized to selectively inhibit the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cells, lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients having good organ perfusion particularly with increased renal blood flow. Sustained-release verapamil for once a day dosing is available for the treatment of hypertension. Constipation is a prominent side effect. Headache, dizziness, and edema are frequent and verapamil can sometimes cause AV conduction disturbances and AV block. Verapamil should not be used in combination with -adrenoceptor blockers because of the synergistic negative effects on heart rate and contractile force. 

Nifedipine (Table 3) is a potent vasodilator that selectively dilates resistance vessels and has fewer effects on venous vessels. It does not cause reflex tachycardia during chronic therapy. Nifedipine is one of the first-line choices for black or elderly patients and patients having concomitant angina pectoris, diabetes, or peripheral vascular diseases. Nifedipine, sublingually, is also suitable for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Nifedipine does not impair sexual function or worsen blood Hpid profile. The side effects are flushing, headache, and dizziness. 

Diltiazem inhibits calcium influx via voltage-operated channels and therefore decreases intracellular calcium ion. This decreases smooth muscle tone. Diltiazem dilates both large and small arteries and also inhibits a-adrenoceptor activated calcium influx. It differs from verapamil and nifedipine by its use dependence. In order for the blockade to occur, the channels must be in the activated state. Diltiazem has no significant affinity for calmodulin. The side effects are headache, edema, and dizziness. 

When clonidine is withdrawn abmpdy, patients may experience a rebound hypertensive phenomenon, whereia blood pressure rises rapidly to a level higher than the predmg level. These patients may experience symptoms of headache, tachycardia, agitation, and nervousness. If rebound hypertension occurs, resumption of clonidine therapy or adrninistration of phentolamine reduces the blood pressure. For clonidine withdrawal, the dose should be reduced gradually over a two-week period. The principal side effects are sedation, dry mouth, drowsiaess, di22iQess, and fatigue. 

Hydralazine. Hydrala2iae causes vasodilation ia all primary vascular beds and has more pronounced effects on capacitance than on resistance blood vessels. Despite the hypotension it produces, hydrala2iae iacreases renal blood flow and cardiac output. PRA iacreases with its use. Tachycardia, headache, di22iaess, and water and sodium retention are principal side effects of hydrala2iae therapy. 

Nicorandil. Nicorandil is a potassium channel opener that can lower blood pressure 21, 20, and 29 mm Hg after single oral doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg, respectively (250). There are no significant changes ia heart rate. Headache is the primary side effect. Nicorandil has potent coronary vasodilator effects. It causes sustained vasodilation of arteriolar resistance and venous capacitance blood vessels, thus reduciag cardiac preload and aftedoad. 

Piaacidil has a short half-life and most human studies were carried out ia slow-release formulatioas. The reductioa ia blood pressure produced by piaacidil is accompanied by tachycardia and fluid retention. Plasma catecholamines and renin activity are iacreased. Other side effects are headache, di22iaess, and asthenia. 

Stomach and intestinal ulcers. 8.3 Side effects Occasionally, headaches may be caused in people who are sensitive to bitter substances. 8 4 Dosage and manner of use Boiling water (ca. 150 ml) is poured over two tea-spoonfuls of the Lea, covered and allowed to draw for 5 10 min, and then passed through a tea strainer. If not otherwise pre.scribed, a cup of the fresh and 8.2 Dosage and manner of use Boiling water fca. 150 ml) is poured over a table-spoonful of the tea, covered and allowed to draw for ca. 10 min., and then passed through a tea strainer. 11 not otherwise prescribed, a cup of the freshly prepared tea is drunk warm several times a day between meals. 8.3 Note Store protected from light and moisture. 

Antidepressants are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and headache. They include the classic tricyclic compounds and are divided into nonselective nor-adrenaline/5-HT reuptake inhibitors (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, venlafaxine), preferential noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (e.g., desipramine, nortriptyline) and selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (e.g., citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine). The reuptake block leads to a stimulation of endogenous monoaminer-gic pain inhibition in the spinal cord and brain. In addition, tricyclics have NMDA receptor antagonist, endogenous opioid enhancing, Na+ channel blocking, and K+ channel opening effects which can suppress peripheral and central sensitization. Block of cardiac ion channels by tricyclics can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. The selective 5-HT transporter inhibitors have a different side effect profile and are safer in cases of overdose [3]. 

The daily dose of benzbromarone is 50-200 mg. In combination with allopurinol, the benzbromarone dose is reduced to 20 mg. Benzbromarone is well tolerated. Rare side effects are headaches, gastrointestinal problems, and exanthems. 

Capecitabine is used for the treatment of colorectal and breast cancers. It is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to capecitabine or any of its components or to 5-fluorouracil and in patients with known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency. The use of capecitabine is restricted in patients with severe renal impairment. The drag can induce diarrhea, sometimes severe. Other side effects include anemia, hand-foot syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, nausea, stomatitis, pyrexia, edema, constipation, dyspnea, neutropenia, back pain, and headache. Cardiotoxicity has been observed with capecitabine. A clinically important drag interaction between capecitabine and warfarin has been demonstrated. Care should be exercised when the drag is co-administered with CYP2X9 substrates. 

The indications for these agents are in principle identical to those of the non-selective NSAIDs although the substances have not yet received approval for the whole spectrum of indications of the conventional NSAIDs. Because they lack COX-1-inhibiting properties, COX-2-selective inhibitors show fewer side effects than conventional NSAIDs. However, they are not free of side effects because COX-2 has physiological functions that are blocked by the COX-2 inhibitors. The most frequently observed side effects are infections of the upper respiratory tract, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, abdominal discomfort and headache. Peripheral oedema is as frequent as with conventional NSAIDs. The frequency of gastrointestinal complications is approximately half that observed with conventional NSAIDs. 

Systemic treatment of 13-cis retinoic acid frequently leads to cheilitis and eye irritations (e.g., unspecific cornea inflammation). Also other symptoms such as headache, pruritus, alopecia, pains of joints and bone, and exostosis formation have been reported. Notably, an increase of very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides accompanied by a decrease of the high density lipoproteins has been reported in 10-20% of treated patients. Transiently, liver function markers can increase during oral retinoid therapy. Etretinate causes the side effects of 13-cis retinoid acid at lower doses. In addition to this, generalized edema and centrilobulary toxic liver cell necrosis have been observed. 

Several nonpeptidic, orally active vasopressin receptor antagonists have been developed. The dual V1A/V2R antagonist conivaptan is used in the treatment of hyponatraemia and could also become useful for diseases such as congestive heart failure, in which increased peripheral resistance and dilutional hyponatremia both are present [4]. Side effects of conivaptan include headache, injection site reactions, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation and thirst. 

Acyclovir is available for use orally, topically, and par-enterally (for IV use). When given IV, acyclovir can cause phlebitis, lethargy, confusion, tremors, skin rashes, nausea, and crystalluria Side effects when given orally include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and skin rashes. Topical administration causes transient burning, stinging, and pruritus. 

Although side effects are usually mild, treatment with brimonidine tartrate includes oral dryness, ocular hyperemia, burning and stinging, headache, visual blurring, foreign body sensation, fatigue drowsiness, ovular allergic reactions, and ocular pruritus. 

The study will commence with the administration of low doses, as judged from the non-clinical data. As the study progresses - and provided that there are no indications that it is unsafe to do so - the dosage levels may be increased past the anticipated therapeutic range. Subjects are closely monitored for changes in vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, etc.) and the emergence of any adverse side effects (nausea, drowsiness, pain, headache, irritability, hair loss, etc.). 

Taken for recreational use as an intoxicant, typical acute effects described by misusers are euphoria, relaxation, and increased sexuality (Galloway et al. 1997 Miotto et al. 2001). On the street, GHB is taken in capfuls or teaspoons of a salty/sour liquid, which because of variations in concentration, may range in dose from 0.5 to 5.0 g. Common side effects are nausea, headache, itching, and vomiting (Borgen et al. 2003). Doses of 10—20 mg/kg of GHB typically... 

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