Toxic atmosphere

Toxicology. The toxicity of ethyl ether is low and its greatest hazards in industry are fire and explosion. The vapor is absorbed almost instandy from the lungs and very prompdy from the intestinal tract. It undergoes no chemical change in the body. Prevention and control of health hazards associated with the handling of ethyl ether depend primarily on prevention of exposure to toxic atmospheric concentrations and scmpulous precautions to prevent explosion and fire. 

Toxic atmospheres monitoring, 308 sources, 67, 229 Toxic chemicals ... 

It was found that the amount of energy needed for the room fire to cause thermal decomposition of the PVC products in the plenum was larger than that needed to take the room to flashover. Furthermore, if the PVC products did eventually decompose or burn, somehow, they would cause a lethal smoke concentration only significantly later than a lethal (by toxicity) atmosphere had already been created by the fire itself. Thus, the PVC products did not add any significant fire hazard to that caused by the room fire. 

All enclosed spaces with the potential for flammable or toxic atmospheres should be ventilated, preferably at a rate of not less than six air changes per hour. Low level exhaust ventilation is important to minimize the potential accumulation of vapors. A rule of thumb for design is 1 cfm/ft of floor area with exhaust points no higher than 12 in (30 cm) off the floor. The ventilation system should be designed in accordance with Chapter 5 of NFPA 30. 

Malek, D.E., and Y.Alarie. 1989. Ergometer within a whole-body plethysmograph to evaluate performance of guinea pigs under toxic atmospheres. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 101 (2) 340-355. 

In previous chapters have seen that chemicals to be tactically effective must be brought into contact with the body or the body must be surrounded by a toxic atmosphere in which the concentration of the... 

Victims should be moved immediately from the toxic atmosphere and receive 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Patients with severe or prolonged exposure should be carefully evaluated for neurologic sequelae and provided with supportive treatment. Seizures may be controlled by administration of diazepam. If seizures cannot be controlled with diazepam or recur, pheny-toin or phenobarbital should be administered. Rewarming has been indicated for frostbite. On ocular exposure, the eyes should be rinsed for at least 15 min. 

Often, biological odors are mixed with and overwhelm chemical odors, as with discharges from landfills. Here too, odor should serve as a warning to vacate the impacted area and ventilate it. As a rule, it is recommended that the presence of an odor should serve as a warning that one is in a toxic atmosphere and should take defensive actions. 

Remove the victim from the toxic atmosphere, and summon medical aid whilst the... 

An additional advantage of this type of hooded respirator is that as long as the blower is operating a small percentage of filtered air is blown into the protective suit. This air is then exhausted to the outside atmosphere consequently there is a small flow of filtered air whose movement is always from the (1) hood to the (2) inside of the Level C suit and then to the (3) outside of the suit. This flow pattern and velocity of filtered air decreases the potential for ingress of the toxic atmospheric air into the suit. 

Astronomers say that Venus is a hothouse hell, its fractured plains and ancient volcanoes smothered beneath thick blankets of poisonous clouds. With a surface temperature of 900° Fahrenheit, a totally toxic atmosphere, and a surface pressure 100 times higher than that on Earth, it s uninhabitable, as unlovely a place as you can imagine. 

Training for everyone who may encounter an emergency situation in a confined space. Incident prevention, oxygen deficiency, toxic atmospheres, flammable or explosive atmospheres, engulfment, and mechanical hazards. 

Foulkes Papers. Letter to the War Office, 12 August 1919. In this country, the letter continues, the heat of the sun distinctly favours its use, as evaporation from the ground will be much more rapid, and more toxic atmospheres will be created. As a consequence inflammations will be more severe and they will appear sooner while profuse perspiration will encourage blistering, and skin lesions will have a tendency to become septic. ... 

Flanges should be avoided inside the column skirt. These may leak and generate a flammable or toxic atmosphere inside the skirt. It is best to extend the nozzle to outside the skirt and install the flange there. 

Our introduction mentioned that technicians collect many samples a year. Some of these samples may possess different health or physical hazards (see Figure 10-1). In fact, in a refinery or petrochemical plant it is fairly safe to say that most samples will have some type of hazard associated with them. So, why make a big issue about collecting samples The answer is to promote the safety and health of the technician and ensure a non-toxic atmosphere in areas and vessels. 

Meters to test explosive and toxic atmospheres must be totally reliable in use since a person s life may depend upon the test results. Before use in the field, instruments should be checked against standard vapour mixtures in the laboratory. 

These sequences are in general represented by event trees, also called accident sequence diagrams. Several examples of event trees are shown in Figs. 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.5. Releases of materials under pressure can additionally be accompanied by missile flight of fragments of the pressure boundary (e.g. vessels or pipework). If a gas is not flammable but toxic atmospheric dispersion follows its release. This is also true in cases of delayed ignition. 

Except where mandated by the nature of the problem, such as removal from a toxic atmosphere, or other circumstances immediately dangerous to life and health, no stress is placed on evacuation. Unless there are obvious fractures, there may be injuries to the spine, or broken bones that may puncture vital organs which are not immediately apparent. If it is essential to move the victim, do so very carefully. Use a backboard or as close to an equivalent as possible to keep the body straight, and support the head so that it does not shift. Any inappropriate movement of a fractured neck may damage or even sever the spinal cord and result in paralysis, death, or in a compromising of the patient s airway. 

The phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) process results in a toxic atmosphere. Ebcpect to find the following in this lab ... 

Often, the confined space you are entering will not appear to be hazardous. It may have been entered on the last shift with no problems, and may not give signs of being dangerous. At other times there may be indications of danger — the distinct odor of toxic atmospheres, arcing of electrical equipment, or the presence of loose material. 

Toxic atmospheres — Most substances (liquids, vapors, gases, mists, solid materials, and dusts) should be considered hazardous in aconfined space. Toxic substances can come from products stored in... 

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