Hazard industrial examples

The beneficial reuse of foundry solid waste has long been carried out informally, particularly in the U.S. Foundry solid waste has always been used as fills around the foundry or nearby neighborhood. With the promulgation of strict environmental protection laws, foundry solid waste is now required to be landfilled. Later, spent foundry sand was selected as a daily cover for landfills that are cover short. However, many recyclers believe that foundry solid waste should not necessarily be disposed of in landfills where other hazardous industrial waste belongs, simply because the main fraction of foundry solid waste is nonhazardous and has value in fully or partially substituting for currently in-use materials, for example, construction aggregates, soils, and minerals. Thus, reuse of foundry solid waste is marketable. 

In special purpose industrial and high hazard industrial occupancies where unprotected vertical openings exist, (graded flooring is an example of unprotected vertical openings), every floor level must have direct access to enclosed stairs or other exits protected against obstruction by any fire or smoke in the open areas connected by the vertical openings. 

MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE FROM MEDICAL OFFICES AN EXAMPLE... 

As discussed in Chapter 3, at least trace amounts of arsenic commonly occur in rocks, soils, sediments, sludges and spent sorbents from water treatment systems, coal ashes, industrial wastes, and many other natural and artificial solids. Depending upon whether they are considered regulatory hazards (Appendix E), solid materials may require treatment before disposal (waste management) or remediation if they are located at a contaminated site. For solids, arsenic treatment may involve reducing the arsenic concentrations in the materials so that they are no longer hazardous (for example, soil washing). However, because arsenic cannot be destroyed, eventually the element will require permanent disposal in a manner that does not... 

Supercritical fluid extraction has been widely used in petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, polymer, and environmental industries (20,21). Supercritical fluids have also been adopted as a reacting medium, such as that in the destruction of hazardous wastes. Examples of these technologies include ... 

This nomenclature is specialized to trademark practitioners. Thus, for example, the American National Standard on labelling hazardous industrial chemicals states that identification of a hazardous product or component should not be limited to a nondescriptive trade name . This recommendation obviously is designed to include trademarks. 

The acute effects referred to most frequently are those defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Industrial Chemicals (Z129.1-1982)—irritation, corrosivity, sensitization and lethal dose. Although these are important health effects, they do not adequately cover the considerable range of acute effects which may occur as a result of occupational exposure, such as, for example, narcosis. 

The equipment used in radiochemical plants is, for the most part, similar to that found in other industrial chemical plants. The equipment should be selected for minimum holdup, thus reducing shielding requirements and criticality hazards. For example, thin film evaporators, operating continuously, should be selected instead of pot-type vessels. The method of coupling equipment together and the remote control and handling features of equipment design may be quite different, especially for the remote-maintenance type of plant. 

Although the chemical agents discussed are unique to the military, the hazards to the workers are common to many industries. Examples include pesticide workers who are exposed to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (the operative mechanism of nerve agents) and carbonyl chloride (phosgene),... 

Work in many hazardous industries, such as nudear power is, ideally, routine and predictable. Emergendes and departures from usual practice are unusual and to be avoided. Many aspects of healthcare are also largely routine and would, for the most part, be much better organized on a production line basis. Much of the care of chronic conditions, such as asthma and diabetes, is also routine and predictable, which is not to say that the people suffering from these conditions should be treated in a routine standardized manner. However, in some areas, healthcare staff face very high levels of uncertainty. In hospital medicine, for example, the patient s disease may be masked, difficult to diagnose, the results of investigations not dear cut, the treatment complicated by midtiple comorbidities and so on. Here, a tolerance for uncertainty on the... 

The effects of land contamination are widespread and past industrial activity is the most significant factor. Soil transport and reaction processes are relatively slow compared to air and water, so contamination tends to persist at the point of deposition for a long period. Table 9.5 summarizes common hazards and examples of contaminants. These contaminants can affect humans by absorption into the body through oral, inhalation or skin adsorption pathways. For volatile compounds and dusts, inhalation is the most important pathway. This is of particular concern with young children playing on contaminated land. The re-use of derelict, industrial sites has emphasized many of these problems . 

Second eliminate this hazard or we ll take industrial action. This is a form of bargaining which occurs in specific workplaces and which is particularly important in relation to health hazards. For example, strikes at BHP in 1980 were an attempt to get management to take effective action with respect to carcinogenic coke oven emissions. While this action did not bring the major capital investment necessary to eliminate the hazard, it did quicken the pace of reform (Fisse and Braithwaite 1983, p. 87). 

Bring out the opportunity for risk reduction and control with recommendations, including owner s view on applicability of solutions (such as hazardous industry planning advisory paper HIPAP number, 6, for example). 

Proximity to hazardous industrial facilities and operations (D3 - discretionary). The criterion relates to proximity of hazardous industrial facilities for example those that fall under the Control of Major Accidents and Hazards Regulation (COMAH) (Reference Error Reference source not found.). Whilst assessment of this discretionary criterion is site specific, it is addressed in part by the generic APIOOO design. This criterion is discussed further in subsection 3.3.3. 

This book is not about the detailed requirements arising from international (or national, or industry) standards - although some standards and their requirements will be mentioned. Instead, this book seeks to present what good looks hke in the management of hazardous industries, together with examples of incidents and accidents where good practice has not been followed. The emphasis within this book will not be a cookbook description of how to follow major standards instead, the emphasis will be on the general principles that are behind the major standards. 

This book has presented (in Part 1) a summary of some principal techniques for designing high-integrity instrumented systems to control and protect hazardous industrial plant, snch as oil and gas exploration and production facilities, hydrocarbon processing plants, and nnclear power stations. These design techniques and management processes have then been illustrated by examples where mistakes were made. 

In addition to reducing performance efficiency, the employment of operators with substandard competence levels within safety-critical systems can have grave consequences. For example, a review of major accidents in the hazardous industries indicated that a lack of operator skills and/or knowledge led to the errors that contributed to the accidents analyzed (Wright et al., 2003). Wright et al. (2003) also referred to the Southall rail crash, the Piper Alpha oil rig disaster, the Longford Esso Gas plant explosion, and the Hickson Welch fire as examples of incidents where staff incompetence played a part and where staff competency levels were not sufficiently tested by the organizations involved. 

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