Hardware technical requirements

This latter case, in fact, is so complex as to be beyond the scope of this section. This section will instead be concentrated on that middle ground between a simple integrator and a medium-to-large size computer system that is, a system which will service a few (two or more) laboratories with six or more chromatographs between them. This is a realistic situation faced by many chromatographers and one that can be met in a practical fashion by the abundance of hardware available. The alternatives will be discussed in sufficient depth to begin their evaluation in the situation where such hardware is appropriate, whether measured by economic or technical requirements. 

The hardware chosen did not meet the technical requirements or the vendor was inexperienced in the application or unable to supply necessary support. 

Many similarities in equipment and methodology exist between HPLC and FI separation methods, particularly those involving column separation techniques, and occasionally, some confusion in classification does occur in published literature. However, the objectives, underlying principles and technical requirements in hardware for HPLC and FIA are quite different. Although the two techniques have much to borrow from each other, they should rightfully belong to two different disciplines. 

Technical requirements or constraints such as corporate software and hardware requirements, network configurations, and so on must also be stated by the IS department. 

Flexibility to change with business and technical requirements Hardware and system software Language and development tools Compatibility with current systems... 

The formation of membrane patches depends on a combination of the experimental hardware already described and on the ability of the experimenter. When all the technical requirements for patch-clamp experiments are obtained, the only way to be able to make good experiments is to practice until reaching the necessary ability. 

Lower-extremity CTA can be performed with all currently available MDCT scanners. No special hardware is required. Because of the slightly thicker sections (2.5-3 mm) usually obtained with four-channel MDCT (4 X 2.5 mm), evaluation of crural and pedal arteries is slightly limited, notably if calcifications are present. The technical limitations of four-channel MDCT are only clinically problematic in a small subset of patients, such as individuals with critical limb ischemia who have no or mild inflow and femoropopliteal disease, and who have diseased and calcified infrapopliteal vessels. In the majority of patients—notably those with intermittent claudication where interventions are limited to aboveknee arteries—even four-channel MDCT can provide all the therapeutically relevant information (Heijen-brok-Kal et al. 2007 Rubin et al. 2001 Ofer et al. 2003 Martin et al. 2003 Ota et al. 2004 Catalano et al. 2004). 

Another advantage of PC technology is the plaimed and partially realized use of multiftmction drives for operation of either CD-ROM, WORM, or PC-R disks alternatively in the same disk drive. This is technically feasible, since for reading (in CD-ROM, WORM, PC-R) as well as for writing (WORM, PC-R) similar principles and hardware are used (108). However, the reflectivity change of PC disks (40/70%) is in general lower than the CD-ROM standard (30/70%) requires. 

Testing schemes generally affect complete subsystems hence, consideration of each hardware element is unnecessary. Tests of redundant portions of a system are particularly important, and may be constrained by the technical specifications which must be reflected in the fault tree. Testing may require the reconfiguration of systems for the test, which may prevent the performance of their designed function. In this case, other members of the redundancy must be available, but may fail. Failure to restore a system after test significantly increases the risk. 

AS of this writing, 100% inspection by NAA of small arms primers in an actual production loading plant has not been implemented, nor is it contemplated in the near future. Technical problems exist related to coupling the present state-of-the-art nuclear components with the high production rates for the primers, namely, tens of units per sec per automatic loading line. The high intensity of the neutron source and the complexity of the detection system required detracts from the utility of the method in a plant environment where simplicity and safety of operation are of paramount importance. Nevertheless, the technical feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by the AMMRC study and future developments in nuclear activation hardware may ultimately make this non-destructive inspection for production primers more viable... 

Electric tube furnaces of appropriate dimensions are available from various manufacturers. A model RO 4/25 by Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, FRG is suitable. However, a very satisfactory furnace can be built by any well equipped laboratory workshop at little cost and effort. The material required consists of thin walled ceramic tubing, 3.5 cm i.d., nichrome resistance wire, heat resistant insulation, and ordinary hardware material. A technical drawing will be provided by the submitters upon request. The temperature of the furnace can be adjusted by an electronic temperature controller using a thermocouple sensor. A 1.5 kW-Variac transformer and any high temperature thermometer would do as well for the budget-minded chemist. 

In what follows, we wish to describe the most important technical aspects of FFC NMR relaxometry, including both the required special hardware (magnet, power supply, etc.) and the measurement methodology (data acquisition sequences and, to some extent, the subsequent data evaluation). Naturally, the description is based primarily on our own experience which has not yet been described in detail elsewhere. 

Direct on-line coupling of an NMR spectrometer as a detector for chromatographic separation, analogous to the use of MS for such applications, has required the development of technical features such as flow-probe hardware, efficient NMR solvent suppression pulse sequences and new software. 

Gather the requirements for the systems including functional (e.g. operational checks) requirements, nonfunctional (e.g., coding standards) requirements, users, company-wide regulatory compliance (e.g., Part 11 technical control), safety, process, and other applicable requirements Characterize information, assess its value to the organization, and incorporate information quality as part of the project plan Conduct a system (hardware, software, and process) risk analysis. New requirements may be found as the result of the risk analysis. Any new requirements must be documented in the requirements specification deliverable... 

The design process and resulting deliverable are based on, and clause traceable to, the information in the requirements specification deliverable. The technical design specification must specify how the combined hardware and software products will satisfy the requirements. 

The IQ must identify the hardware, software, and interfaces used by the computer system and demonstrate their installation, in accordance with the design drawings, specifications, and supplier recommendations. These requirements are established and documented in the technical design specification deliverable. 

Systems specifications provide all the information needed for the technical implementation of the system. This includes hardware, networking connections, and backup requirements as well as all information needed to install, operate, and qualify the performance of the system. It generally includes all of the qualification protocol documents (installation, operation, and performance qualifications) created during the validation process. 

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