Growth-promoters

Food efficiency/growth promotion in chicken, turkey, swine arsanilic acid... 

Polyethers. Antibiotics within this family contain a number of cycHc ether and ketal units and have a carboxyHc acid group. They form complexes with mono- and divalent cations that ate soluble ia aoapolar organic solvents. They iateract with bacterial cell membranes and allow cations to pass through the membranes causiag cell death. Because of this property they have been classified as ionophores. Monensia, lasalocid, and maduramicia are examples of polyethers that are used commercially as anticoccidial agents ia poultry and as growth promotants ia mmiaants. 

Mocimycin has been chemically converted to aurodox by protection of the 4-hydroxy group at the pyridone moiety as the benzoylformate, followed by /V-methylation and hydrolytic removal of the protective group (1,55). Whereas aurodox esters are active growth promotors in animals, goldinamines that are A/-acylated by acids other than goldinonic acid, such as acetic, benzoic, or arylsulfonic acids, lack useful antimicrobial or growth-promoting activity (1). 

The potential usefulness of elfamycins as growth promoters and feed-conversion enhancers is now generally recognized. Low original fermentation yields and difficulties in yield improvements discouraged early attempts to develop aurodox ( 1, R = CH ) and mocimycin (kirromycin) (1, R = H) commercially. 

Only three dalbaheptides are commercialized vancomycin (39) and teicoplanin (18—22) for human health, and avoparcin (63—65) for animal usage. Vancomycin, the main trademark of which is EH Lilly s Vancocin had 1990 sales around 160 million. Total annual production is in the vicinity of 8 t. Teicoplanin, trademarked Targocid, had 1990 sales of 35 million corresponding to 200 kg. Teicoplanin is commercialized in Europe, Hong Kong, Korea, and the Middle East. It is at the late developmental clinical phase in North America and Japan. Avoparcin is used as a growth promoting feed additive (see... 

Dlterpenes. Diterpenes contain 20 carbon atoms. The resin acids and Vitamin A are the most commercially important group of diterpenes. GibbereUic acid [77-06-5] (110), produced commercially by fermentation processes, is used as a growth promoter for plants, especially seedlings. 

The penicillins as natural and semisynthetic agents are used primarily against susceptible Pasteurella sp., staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, and CoTynebacterium sp. Penicillin is widely used for therapeutic purposes against these organisms and in animal feeds as a growth promoter. The latter effect is considered to be a result of subtie and reversible effects on the gastrointestinal microflora. 

In the United States, 100 times more bacitracin by weight is used as a feed additive than for human medicine. Most of this is BMD but some is the zinc salt. BMD can be used in subtherapeutic nutritional dosages for increase in feed efficiency and for growth promotion in poultry, swine, and feedlot cattie at concentrations of 2.6—33 g/t of feed (78,81,82). Prophylactic or therapeutic medicinal dosing at higher concentrations is used for necrotic enteritis in chickens, transmissable enteritis in turkeys, ulcerative enteritis in quail, dysentery in swine, and Hver abcess in cattie (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Arsonic and arsinic acids have found a number of industrial uses. They have been used as corrosion inhibitors for iron and steel, additives to motor fuel, agricultural bactericides, herbicides, and fungicides. 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone) [121 -19-7] C H AsNOg, has found widespread use as an additive to poultry feed for the control of coccidiosis and other poultry diseases (122,123). Arsanilic acid [98-50-0] C HgAsNO, has also been used for this purpose (124) and for growth promotion in swine. It is manufactured and suppHed by Duphar Nutrition Co., Inc., Fleming Laboratories, Inc., Dr. Mayfield Laboratories, Inc., and Whitmoyer Laboratories, Inc. 4-Nitrophenylarsonic acid [98-72-6] C H AsNO and... 

Nonmedical uses claimed for pyridopyrimidines include uses as growth promoters, cytokinins, herbicides, agricultural fungicides, coccidiostats, dyestuffs intermediates, UV absorbants and corrosion inhibitors. 

Nonmedical uses claimed for pyridopyridazines include fungicides, growth promotion agents, parasiticides, UV absorbants and dyestuff intermediates. 

Nonmedical uses envisaged include as growth promoters, indicators for copying processes, analytical complexing agents, cyanine dyes and dye-bleaching catalysts. 

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