Growth-promoting genes

Genes for transcription factors that activate growth-promoting genes ... 

Growth/production kinetics, in fermentation, 11 29-31 Growth-promoting genes, transgenic animals with, 12 463-464 Growth regulators, insect, 14 343-345. 

Transcription of growth-promoting genes leading to cell division and differentiation... 

The most prevalent dominant mutations in ras (codons 12, 13, and 61) cause a defect in the Ras GT-Pase activity such that it is always in the active Ras-GTP form. Under these circumstances, the cell receives a "false" signal to activate growth-promoting genes, even in the absence of growth factors. Therefore, one reason why ras mutations may be so common is that Ras serves a central role in membrane-to-nucleus signal transduction, and a dominant mutation in ras will still be deleterious, even if a normal ras gene is present. 

DNA synthesis, gene expression and growth promotion (mitogenic effects) (all cells) ... 

Growth promoting effects of insulin occur via interaction of the IR with Grb-2 or SHC adaptor proteins. The cascade from Grb-2 or SHC includes ras, raf, sos and MEK, culminating in activation of the gene transcription factor MAPK. Refer again to Figure 4.21. 

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