Growth-promoting steroids

N.B. Mandava, J.F. Worley, J.D. Warthen et al. (1979). A unique plant growth promoting steroid from Brassica napus pollen. Nature 281, 216-217. 

Grove, M. D., G. F. Spencer, W. K. Rohwedder, N. Mandava, J. F. Wooley, J. D. Warthen, Jr., G. L. Steffence, J. L. Flippen-Anderson, and J. C. Cook, Jr., Brassinolide, a potent growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen, Nature, 225. 1065-1066 (1979). 

Brassinosteroids a class of growth promoting steroids widely distributed in higher plants (pollen seeds, 1-1,000 ng/kg shoots, 100 ng/kg fruit leaves, 1-10 ng/kg) and which have also been found in lower plants, including cyanobacteria. The first B., named brassinolide (2a,3a,22(I ),23(i )-tetrahydroxy-24(S)-... 

Grove MD, Spencer GF, Rohwedder WK, Mandava N, Worley JF, Warthen JD, Steffens GL, Flippen-Anderson JL, Cook JC (1979) Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen. Nature 281 216-217... 

Yopp JH, Mandava NB, Sasse JM (1981) Brassinolide, a growth-promoting steroidal lactone. I. Activity in selected auxin bioassay. Physiol Plant 53 445-452... 

Krizek DT, Mandava NB (1983) Influence of spectral quality on the growth response of intact bean plants to brassinosteroid, a growth-promoting steroidal lactone. II. Chlorophyll content and partitioning of assimilate. Physiol Plant 57 324-329 Kumar D, Wareing PF (1972) Factors controlling stolon development in the potato plant. New Phytol 71 639-648... 

Estrogens and progestogens are mainly used as growth promoters in animal farming, and for the development of single-sex populations of fish in aquaculture. Some naturally occurring sexual steroids such as estradiol, progesterone,... 

Steroid hormones form a group of pollutants that includes natural hormones such as estradiol, testosterone, and their metabolites as well as several synthetic analogues. Steroid hormones used as growth promoters have already been found in water and sediments (Lai et al. 2000 Thorpe et al. 2003), and their adsorption properties on earth materials have been considered. Lee et al. (2003) report batch experiments where simultaneous sorption of three hormones (17- 3-estradiol, 17-a-ethyl estradiol, and testosterone) on four midwestem U.S. soils and a freshwater sediment were performed. Apparent sorption equilibria were reached within a few hours. Sorption isotherms generally were linear for the chemicals studied on one of these soils (Drummer soil), ranged from 23.4 to 83.2 L kg and log ranged... 

Stanozolol is an androgenic anabolic steroid used in cases of deficiency in protein synthesis and osteoporosis. In spite of its prohibition by the International Olympic Committee since 1974, this compound has been often abused by athletes and in horse-races to enhance performance (25). In recent times, the discovery of stanozolol at injection sites revealed its illegal use as a growth promoter in breeding, despite the ban in the European Union in effect since 1988 (26). 

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration policy is based on the conclusions of the Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). In its Thirty-Second Report (1988), it concluded, on the basis of its safety assessment of residues of estradiol-17/3, progesterone, and testosterone, and in view of the difficulty of determining the levels of residues attributable to the use of these hormones as growth promoters in cattle, that it was unnecessary to establish an acceptable residue level. As to trenbolone acetate (TBA), a synthetic steroid with anabolic properties, JECFA concluded that its safety assessment could be based on establishing the no-hormonal-effect level. It therefore recommended a maximum residue level of 2 /zg/kg for /3-tren-bolone in meat and of 10 /xg/kg for a-trenbolone in liver on the basis of a daily intake by a 70-kg person of 500 g of meat. /3-Trenbolone is the major metabolite in muscle. For zeranol, an acceptable residue level of 10 /xg/kg for bovine liver and 2 /zg/kg for bovine muscle was established. 

Anabolic agents used in veterinary medicine are naturally occurring steroids. They are no longer permitted for use as growth promoters in the European... 

Steroids are a group of hormones with similar chemical structures that help to control growth, metabolism, development of sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand the stress of illness and injury. Because of their legal use as medicaments or illegal use as growth promoters, analysis and positive identification of trace amounts... 

Because of their growth-promotion properties, the veterinary use of steroids, especially corticosteroids and anabolic steroids, is attractive. Within the EU, the use of growth-promoting substances (thyreostats, anabolics, and beta-agonist) in animal fatteiting is forbidden. Considerable effort has been put in the development in appropriate methods for tracing the use of illegal steroid hormones [6, 65]. 

---