Production/productivity gross

Few people realize that advertising is a 10 billion industry. Total national advertising expenditures may, in fact, reach 11 billion this year. Advertising has in the past decade grown much more rapidly than industrial production, gross national product, or almost any other index of economic activity. The explanation is to be found, in the fact that competition has become more intense directly in proportion to the increase in the available supply of all goods and services. 

A crude estimate of the area of the world s estuaries indicates a total area of about 1.7 X 10 km of which 3.8 X 10 km is marsh and mangrove, and 1.4 X 10 km is open water, including such areas as Chesapeake Bay (U.S.A.), St. Lawrence Gulf (Canada) and the Baltic Sea (Europe). Despite the numerous research efforts in recent decades, an evaluation of all relationships between net primary production, gross production and various aspects... 

It is clear that if the plant operates to produce a single product then regardless of the cost system used, the actual all inclusive manufacturing costs incurred will be the basis for the product gross margin (PGM), which is the sales revenues minus the actual manufacturing costs. This is straightforward and does not pose special problems. 

However, before extrapolating the arguments from the gross patterns through the reactor for homogeneous reactions to solid-catalyzed reactions, it must be recognized that in catalytic reactions the fluid in the interior of catalyst pellets may diSer from the main body of fluid. The local inhomogeneities caused by lowered reactant concentration within the catalyst pellets result in a product distribution different from that which would otherwise be observed. 

In nearly all oil or gas reservoirs there are layers which do not contain, or will not produce reservoir fluids. These layers may have no porosity or limited permeability and are generally defined as non reservoir intervals. The thickness of productive (net) reservoir rock within the total (gross) reservoir thickness is termed the net-to-gross or N/G ratio. 

GRV is the gross rock volume of the hydrocarbon-bearing interval and is the product of the area (A) containing hydrocarbons and the interval thickness (H), hence... 

The aquifer response (or impact of the water injection wells) may maintain the reservoir pressure close to the initial pressure, providing a long plateau period and slow decline of oil production. The producing GOR may remain approximately at the solution GOR if the reservoir pressure is maintained above the bubble point. The outstanding feature of the production profile is the large increase in water cut over the life of the field, which is usually the main reason for abandonment. Water cut may exceed 90% in the final part of the field life. As water cut increases, so oil production typically declines a constant gross liquids (oil plus water) production may be maintained. 

Once production commences (possibly 3-8 years after the first capex) gross revenues are received from the sale of the hydrocarbons. These revenues are used to recover the capital expenditure (capex) of the project, to pay for the operating expenditure (opex) of the project (e.g. manpower, maintenance, equipment running costs, support costs), and to provide the host government take which may in the simplest case be in the form of taxes and royalty. 

Fixed opex is proportional to the capital cost of the items to be operated and is therefore based on a percentage of the cumulative capex. Variable opex is proportional to the throughput and is therefore related to the production rate (oil or gross liquids). Hence,... 

Reactions can be considered as composite systems containing reactant and product molecules, as well as reaction sites. The similarity of chemical structures is defined by generalized reaction types and by gross structural features. The similarity of reactions can be defined by physicochemical parameters of the atoms and bonds at the reaction site. These definitions provide criteria for searching reaction databases [23],... 

Table 3. Total Final Consumption per Gross Domestic Product OECD Countries, 1973- -1989 ...

Ratio of total final consumption of energy to gross domestic product (GDP). Measured in metric tons of oil equivalent per 1000 of GDP at 1985 prices ... 

Applications. The most ubiquitous use of infrared spectrometry is chemical identification. It has long been an important tool for studying newly synthesi2ed compounds in the research lab, but industrial identification uses cover an even wider range. In many industries ir spectrometry is used to assay feedstocks (qv). In the flavors (see Flavors and spices), fragrances (see Perfumes), and cosmetics (qv) industries, it can be used not only for gross identification of feedstocks, but for determining specific sources. The spectra of essential oils (see Oils, essential), essences, and other natural products vary with the season and source. Adulteration and dilution can also be identified. 

Table 10. World Production of Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese, 10 t gross weight...

Correlation of markets for a product with external factors is a relatively quick and easy method of analysis, useful if the markets are correctable with factors such as population, gross national product (GNP), Federal Reserve Board (FRB), index, etc. 

The total production of the U.S. paper industry in 1994 was ca 85 million metric tons with a compound aimual growth rate over the previous decade of 2.7%. The domestic production of paper and board plus imports and minus exports maintains a remarkably constant ratio with real gross domestic product in the United States. One sector of the paper industry that has grown at a higher rate than GDP is recycled papers and boards which is projected to grow at 6.8% aimuaHy. Over one-half of paperboard production in the United States is from recycled fiber, and the industry as a whole is expected to achieve 50% recovery rate for paper and board products by the end of the twentieth century (see Recycling, paper). 

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are made mosdy from catalytic reforming of naphthas with units similar to those already discussed. As a gross mixture, these aromatics are the backbone of gasoline blending for high octane numbers. However, there are many chemicals derived from these same aromatics thus many aromatic petrochemicals have their beginning by selective extraction from naphtha or gas—oil reformate. Benzene and cyclohexane are responsible for products such as nylon and polyester fibers, polystyrene, epoxy resins (qv), phenolic resins (qv), and polyurethanes (see Fibers Styrene plastics Urethane POLYiffiRs). 

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