GROSS DOMESTIC

Table 3. Total Final Consumption per Gross Domestic Product OECD Countries, 1973- -1989 ...

Ratio of total final consumption of energy to gross domestic product (GDP). Measured in metric tons of oil equivalent per 1000 of GDP at 1985 prices ... 

The total production of the U.S. paper industry in 1994 was ca 85 million metric tons with a compound aimual growth rate over the previous decade of 2.7%. The domestic production of paper and board plus imports and minus exports maintains a remarkably constant ratio with real gross domestic product in the United States. One sector of the paper industry that has grown at a higher rate than GDP is recycled papers and boards which is projected to grow at 6.8% aimuaHy. Over one-half of paperboard production in the United States is from recycled fiber, and the industry as a whole is expected to achieve 50% recovery rate for paper and board products by the end of the twentieth century (see Recycling, paper). 

Timber production in the United States is an important contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1991, timber-related activities in the United States generated -- 59,498 million (Table 7). It accounted for 2.2% of the goods and stmctures portion of GDP. Primary timber products production totaled 19,370 secondary timber-related products added 40,128 million of value in 1991. 

Table 7. Value of Primary and Secondary Timber Products and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States, 1991...

In a comparison of nine economic models, estimated costs to the United States as of the late 1990s ranged from a loss in gross domestic product from 40 billion to 180 billion, with assumptions of no emission trading from 20 billion to 90 billion with trading only among developed countries and from... 

Rank Country Energy Intensity (Thousand Btu per 1990 U.S. Dollar of Gross Domestic Product) 1980 1997 ... 

For the entire economy, with its countless services and inputs, economists usually define the service or economics efficiency as the entire GDP (Gross Domestic Product) divided by E, the annual total primary energy used Economic Efficiency = GDP/E. 

This petroleum and natural gas engineering two-volume handbook is written in the spirit of the classic handbooks of other engineering disciplines. The two volumes reflect the importance of the industry its engineers serve (i.e., Standard and Poor s shows that the fuels sector is the largest single entity in the gross domestic product) and the profession s status as a mature engineering discipline. 

The degree to which industrialized societies have dematerialized can be seen from Figure 1.3, in which the amount of material consumed (expressed as carbon from fossil feedstocks used) per unit of added value (using gross domestic product as a measure of economic activity) has declined steadily over the past 30 years of industrial development. 

The most recent study was conducted by CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc. (circa 1999 to 2001), with support by the Federal Highways Administration and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, International. The results of the study show that the (estimated) total annual direct costs of corrosion in the United States are 276 billion, i.e., about 3.1 percent of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). That... 

In the last four to five decades national health care expenditures for all types of health-related transactions, including dental, medical, hospital, prescription, and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, has grown from about 5% of the country s gross domestic product (GDP) (national expenditures on all goods and services) to nearly 14% of the GDP today. Total health expenditures in the United States are now well over 1 trillion annually. 

The WHO report noted that many countries are falling far short of their potential and that expenditures per se do not necessarily produce the best system. This is exemplified by the fact that the United States, which is ranked 37th, spends 13.7% of its gross domestic product on health care, while the United Kingdom, which is ranked 18th, spends only 5.8%. 

Develop improved materials, processes, and practices that will allow reduced energy use per unit of gross domestic product. 

This situation of escalating costs from improved survival is not new our society has traditionally spent more for incremental (sometimes minor) improvements in care. From an economic perspective, the question becomes how much more and for how long. Every additional dollar spent on health care is another dollar from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that cannot be used for other purposes. This opportunity cost of technological improvement will be one of the primary economic and social issues that must be addressed. Pharmacogenomics-based drug therapies will likely provide a test case. Will these new and expensive therapies be rationed if so, on what basis Will our society continue to value improvements in health care above other goods and services such as education, the environment, and Social Security ... 

Allowing a construction cost of 2.3 billion per 1,200 MWe reactor with 15% for economies of scale, the total cost of this entire project would be 1/2 trillion, or about 2 months of the current U.S. federal budget. This is 4% of the annual U.S. gross domestic product. 

Differences in terms of per-capita income, per-capita emissions and energy intensity among countries remain significant (see Fig. 2.3). In 2004, UNFCCC Annex I countries held a 20% share in world population, produced 57% of world gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity (GDPppp), and accounted for 46% of global GHG emissions. 

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