GRAS

For rn ulti-dirn cri sion al potential energy surfaces a eorivenient rn easure of th e gradieri I vector is th e root-rn can -stjuare (RMS) gra-dien t described by... 

Fats of high melting point contribute significantly to the textural stabiUty of many sausages and meat mixtures, eg, the smearabiUty of pBtH de foie gras in contrast to the soHdity of summer sausage. 

A number of products designated GRAS are being scmtini2ed by the FDA because of advertisements and claims made by producers or manufacturers of these products. Statements that indicate that feeding such products improve animal performance may require substantive data to support such claims in the future. 

Countries that use a positive Hst, eg, Japan, Switzerland, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, Hst ak substances akowable in flavor and foods any material not Hsted is not akowable. Any material included on a positive Hst is considered safe for its intended use. This system works wek only if there is a specific procedure to akow for the addition of new materials. In the United States there is the Food Additive Petition and the GRAS route. No new material can be used in flavor or foods unless it undergoes one of these two procedures. This assures that any new technology can be added and used after it is reviewed for safety. 

The USDA considers most spices generaHy recognized as safe (GRAS). There are no standards of identity or legal definitions of spices. Spices used in dmgs must meet the official standards of the US. Pharmacoepla in force. Advisory specifications may also be appHed in commercial spice trading. 

Glycerol, since 1959, is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as a miscellaneous or general-purpose food additive (qv) under the CFR (20), and it is permitted in certain food packaging (qv) materials. 

Health and Safety Factors. The Food and Dmg Administration Hsts carrageenan as GRAS, an approved food additive in 21 CFR 172.620. Numerous tests show that carrageenan is not ulcerogenic, teratogenetic, or carcinogenic (35). 

If the index of refraction of a thin material were modulated in Heu of its absorption, the resultant transmittance function for a gra ting prepared as in the absorption case is given by equation 9 where n is the average index of the thin film. An is the amphtude of the index perturbation, and T is the thickness of the film. 

Lactic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for multipurpose food use. Lactate salts such as calcium and sodium lactates and esters such as ethyl lactate used in pharmaceutical preparations are also considered safe and nontoxic (7). The U.S. Food and Dmg Administration fists lactic acid (all isomers) as GRAS and sets no limitations on its use in food other than current good manufacturing practice (46). 

Health and Safety. The U.S. FDA has affirmed R%- and S(—)-maHc acid as substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as flavor enhancers, flavoring agents and adjuvants, and as pH control agents at levels ranging from 6.9% for hard candy to 0.7% for miscellaneous food uses (42). R%- and A(—)-maHc acid may not be used in baby foods. MaHc acid is also cleared to correct natural acid deficiencies in juice or wine (43). 

Health and Safety. The FDA affirmed (R-R, R -tartaric acid as a generally-recognized-as-safe (GRAS) food substance (88). 

K.-H. Tytko, W.-D. Fleischmaim, D. Gras, and E. Warkentin, in H. Katscher and F. Schritder, eds., Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemist Vol. B4, Springer-Vedag, Berlin, 1985. 

Gra.de A. Types I and II both represent the requirements of the USP XX (26). The USP tests arose from original formal oxygen specifications made necessary by the low purity and certain contaminants, particularly CO and CO2, contributed by early chemical and cryogenic manufacturing methods. Containers marked Oxygen-USP must also indicate whether or not the gas has been produced by the air Hquefaction process (see also Fine chemicals). 

O. AucieUo, A. Gras-Marti, J. A. VaHes-Abarca, and D. L. Flamm, eds.. Plasma— Suface Interactions and Processing of Materials, Kluwer Academic Pubhshets, NorweU, Mass., 1990. 

An ingredient used in food prior to January 1, 1958 can be considered GRAS under the conditions of its intended use based on common use in food. PDA prior approval generally is not necessary. A post-1958 food ingredient that is generally recognized by qualified experts as safe, under the conditions of its intended use based on scientific tests, is GRAS by definition and therefore is not a food additive and does not require PDA approval prior to use. 

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