Sections GRAS

The U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) has affirmed the status of beeswax as Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) (5) in Tide 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 184.1973 (21 CFR 184.1973). The major use of beeswax is in the cosmetic industry, with smaller amounts used in pharmaceuticals and candle production. 

Figure 6-32, taken from Govier and Aziz, schematically indicates four flow pattern regions superimposed on a plot of pressure gradient vs. mixture velocity = Vl -t- V5 = Qj + ( s)/A where and Vs are the superficial liquid and solid velocities, Qi, and ( 5 are liquid and solid volumetric flow rates, and A is the pipe cross-sectional area. is the transition velocity above which a bed exists in the bottom of the pipe, part of which is stationary and part of which moves by saltation, with the upper particles tumbling and bouncing over one another, often with Formation of dunes. With a broad particle-size distribution, the finer particles may be fully suspended. Near V 4, the pressure gra-... 

For those substances that are GRAS, proposed 111.35(d)(4) would require the manufacturer [of the dietary supplement] to have documentation for the basis for why such a substance, that is not a dietary ingredient within the meaning of section 201 (ff) of the act, is approved for use or is GRAS for use in a dietary ingredient or dietary supplement. ... 

Many pharmaceutical excipients are food additives or GRAS substances that have been used in foods for many years. The Handbook of Excipients provides information in the regulatory status section for the accepted uses of excipients in foods (27). In addition, Appendix II of the Handbook lists the E number for excipients that are approved as food additives in the EU. 

Fig. 28 ATR/IR spectra a on the surface region of the sheet, and b of the cross-section of PP-gra/t-Poly(HEMA) sheet...

If the FDA does not agree that the food Ingredient manufactured by a new process is GRAS, the ingredient would be subject to the food additive provisions of section 409 of the Act (5). 

This chapter describes the self-assembly of non-native protein fibers known as amyloid fibrils and the development of these fibrils for potential applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. It extends an earlier review by the author on a related topic (Gras, 2007). In Section 1, the self-assembly of polypeptides into amyloid fibrils and efforts to control assembly and any subsequent disassembly are discussed. In Section 2, this review focuses on the important role of surfaces and interfaces during and after polypeptide assembly. It examines how different surfaces can influence fibril assembly, how surfaces can be used to direct self-assembly in order to create highly ordered structures, and how different techniques can be used to create aligned and patterned materials on surfaces following self-assembly. 

The GRAS affirmation contained in 21 CFR, Section 184.1444, defines maltodextrins as non-sweet, nutritive saccharide polymers consisting of D-glucosyl units linked primarily with alpha-1,4 bonds and having a DE less than 20. The document has been modified to include maltodextrins derived from potato starch as GRAS.8 In 1992, more than 328 million pounds (149x 106 kg) of maltodextrins and com syrup solids were produced in the United States from various starch sources.9... 

Com syrups are affirmed as GRAS in 21 CFR, Section 184.1865 and meet the further standards of identity in Sections 168.120 and 168.121. In 1999, more than 7 billion pounds (3 X 109 kg) of syrups were produced from starch in the US.16 Figure 21.3 outlines a conventional glucose/corn syrup manufacturing process.17... 

On starch block electrophoresis of gastric juice (see Section 5), Gras-beck (G26, G27) found that the two major protein peaks showed marked... 

Sections 182, 184, 185—Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) Lists... 

The comparison of the pyrogram of polyisoprene-gra/f-maleic anhydride with that of polyisoprene shows no significant difference. Neither 2,5-furandione nor dihydro-2,5-furandione were detected in the pyrogram of polyisoprene-graff-maleic anhydride. The same absence was noticed for other graft copolymers of maleic anhydride, such as for poly(ethylene-graff-maleic anhydride) (see Section 6.1). 

In addition to those listed in Table 11.9, a large number of the chemicals listed on the FDA GRAS, and EAFUS lists (see Section 10.7) are also contained in personal care and cosmetic products. Cosmetic products in particular have come under close scrutiny in the European Union, which has far more stringent labeling requirements than those in the United States. 

Figure 20. SFM micrographs of single molecules of pBPEM-gra/f pnBuA-Woc/c-pS) brushes. The cross sectional profiles (c and d) were drawn perpendicular and parallel to the molecular contour along the dotted lines in a and b, respectively. The scheme explains the necklace morphology upon looking at the molecule from the edge (e) and from the side (f).

The primary consideration of the FDA in the area of flavors is their safety for their intended use for human consumption. Although many would like a perfect world where everything is absolutely safe, the FDA along widi the laws that define food additives and GRAS substances that can be used in food recognizes that the definition of safe must be based on the reasonable certainty that no harm will result in die material s use in the food supply. Section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act requires that a food additive be shown to be safe under its intended conditions of use before it is allowed in foods. A food additive therefore must meet the government s (FDA) requirements for safety prior to... 

These machines are used primarily for removal of solvent [Gras, 1972 Gras and Else, 1975]. Flash devolatilization occurs in a flash dome attached to a barrel. The polymer solution is delivered under pressure and at temperature above the boiling point of the solvent. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle into the flash dome. The foamy material resulting from the flash devolatilization is then transported away by the four screws. In many cases, downstream vent sections are also used to further reduce solvent content. 

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