Grades carbon monoxide

The sealed autoclave is carefully placed in the shaking assembly and initially pressurized to 5300 psi of CP grade carbon monoxide. (The autoclave i not... 

Two-Step Process. The significant advantage of the two-step process is that it only requkes commercial-grade methyl formate and ammonia. Thus the cmde product leaving the reactor comprises, in addition to excess starting materials, only low boiling substances, which are easily separated off by distillation. The formamide obtained is of sufficient purity to meet all quaUty requkements without recourse to the costiy overhead distillation that is necessary after the dkect synthesis from carbon monoxide and ammonia. 

Semiconductors. Phosphine is commonly used in the electronics industry as an -type dopant for siUcon semiconductors (6), and to a lesser extent for the preparation of gaUium—indium—phosphide devices (7). For these end uses, high purity, electronic-grade phosphine is required normally >99.999% pure. The main impurities that occur in phosphine manufactured by the acid process are nitrogen [7727-37-9] hydrogen [1333-74-0] arsine [7784-42-17, carbon dioxide [124-38-9], oxygen [7782-44-7], methane [74-82-8], carbon monoxide [630-08-0], and water [7732-42-1]. Phosphine is purified by distillation under pressure to reduce the level of these compounds to <1 ppm by volume. The final product is sold as CYPURE (Cytec Canada Inc.) phosphine. 

A convenient method for assessing the extent of surface oxidation is the measurement of volatile content. This standard method measures the weight loss of the evolved gases on heating up to 950°C in an inert atmosphere. The composition of these gases consists of three principal components hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The volatile content of normal furnace blacks is under 1.5%, and the volatile content of oxidized special grades is 2.0 to 9.5%. 

Rice C, Tong YY, Oldfield E, Wieckowski A, Hahn F, Gloaguen F, Leger J-M, Lamy C. 2000. In situ infrared study of carbon monoxide adsorbed onto commercial fuel-cell-grade carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles correlation with C NMR results. J Phys Chem B 104 5803-5807. 

Palladium (II) chloride and ferric (III) chloride were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. Cerium(III) nitrate from Pfaltz Bauer, Inc. y-Al203 (100 m2/g) from Alfa Chemicals ethanol (HPLC grade) and nitrobenzene (Certified ACS) from Fisher Scientific. Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride was generously donated by Dr. Ivan J.B. Lin (National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan). All compounds were used without further treatment. Carbon monoxide (99.0%) was obtained from Praxair. 

Fluidised catalysts are also used in the synthesis of high-grade fuels from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained either by coal carbonisation or by partial oxidation of methane. An important application in the chemical industry is the oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride, as discussed by Riley(131). The kinetics of this reaction are much slower than those of catalytic cracking, and considerable difficulties have been experienced in correctly designing the system. 

To make butyraldehyde, the precursor for NBA, the so-called Oxo process is used, reacting chemical grade propylene with hydrogen and. carbon monoxide at 250-300°F and 3500-4000 psi. See Figure 14-4.) Under those conditions, both feeds are liquids. The catalyst is an oil-soluble cobalt carbonyl complex dissolved in the propylene. If rhodium-based catalysts or complexes based on rhodium carbonyls and triphenyl phosphine... 

The slurry phase, the traditional route to PP, uses Ziegler-Natta type catalyst, a hydrocarbon solvent like hexane or heptane and polymer grade propylene (99.5%). Like the stringent requirements for polyethylene plant feeds, propylene must be high purity. Water, oxygen, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide will poison the catalyst. The reaction takes place in the liquid phase at 150—160°C and 100—400 psi. When the isotactic polymer particles form, they remain suspended in the diluent as slurry. The atactic polymers dissolve in the diluent. 

Cicero-Fernandez, P., J. R. Long, and A. M. Winer, Effects of Grades and Other Loads on On-Road Emissions of Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 47, 898-904 (1997). 

The synthesis is performed in standard Schlenk equipment4 under a carbon monoxide atmosphere, if not otherwise stated. Transfer of liquid is carried out with hypodermic glass syringes equipped with Luer lock valves. All solvents are laboratory grade, distilled and stored under inert atmosphere. 

The hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane were obtained from the Matheson Co. The hydrocarbons used were Phillips Petroleum Co. pure grade (99+ mole %). The liquid hydrocarbons were percolated through silica gel before use. 

Amines and the N-formyl derivatives were obtained at 98-99% purity from Aldrich Chemicals and were used without further purification. Carbon monoxide was a Matheson C.P. grade product. 

Materials. The gases used had a purity >99% the carbon monoxide contained <1% hydrogen by GLC silica gel, 4 m X 1/8 inch, 70 °C, Perkin-Elmer F 11 hot wire gas chromatograph and argon as carrier gas. All hydroformylation experiments were performed with a 1 1 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The olefinic substrates were Fluka AG pure or very pure grade. a-Ethylstyrene, prepared according to Ref. 21, was > 98% pure by GLC. 

MTBE and related ethers are used to add octane to gasoline. MTBE also adds oxygen to the gasoline, which allows for more efficient combustion, and therefore less carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbon in the exhaust emissions A relined grade of MTBE is used in the solvents and pharmaceutical industries. Its higher autoignition temperature and narrower flammability range also make it relatively safer to use compared to other ethers. 

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