Glycolic acid effectiveness

Glycolic acid, III, 141, 149 from inositol oxidation, III, 52 Glycolic acid, effect on conductivity of boric acid, IV, 195 Glycols, from sucrose, IV, 301 Glycoproteins, II, 162 Glycopyranoside, III, 130 Glycosans, II, 64... 

CH3C0(CH2)2C00H, 1 N HCl, 25°C, 3h, 94% yield. Pyruvic acid (HOAc, reflux, 1-3 h, 77% yield)," acetone (80-100h, 72% yield), and glycolic acid" effect cleavage in a similar manner. 

Glycollic Acid. If it is required to convert the o.xalic acid completely into glycollic acid, the same method is employed n..s descubed abo e, but the temperature is raised to 35° and tbc-number of ainpere-hotns is doubled. The scpaiation is effected as the calcium salt and precipitated with alcohol as already described. 

A detailed spectroscopic and theoretical study of the conformation of dioxolanes 1 has appeared <96T8275>, and a theoretical study has shown that the anomeric effect explains the non-planarity of 1,3-dioxole <96JA9850>. The tetraalkynyldioxolanone 2 has been prepared and its structure and reactivity studied <96HCA634>. Both enantiomers of the chiral glycolic acid equivalent 3 can be prepared from D-mannitol <96HCA1696>, and lipase-mediated kinetic... 

PseudofoUiculitis barbae is a foreign-body inflammatory reaction surrounding ingrown facial hair, which results from shaving. Topical application of glycolic acid lotion is an effective therapy and allows the patient to resume a daily shaving regimen [15]. 

Fuchs KO, Solis 0, Tapawan R, Paranjpe J (2003) The effects of an estrogen and glycolic acid cream on the facial skin of postmenopausal women a randomized histologic study. Cutis 71(6) 481-488... 

The safety and efficacy of a series of glycolic acid facial peels were investigated in 25 Indian women with melasma [16]. Patients were treated with 50% glycolic acid peels monthly for 3 months. Improvement was noted in 91% of patients with maximal clearing occurring in patients classified with epidermal melasma. Side effects were observed in one patient who developed brow hyperpigmentation. 

The author has observed enhanced improvement of oily skin, enlarged pores, and acne vulgaris with the use of salicylic acid peels compared with glycolic acid peels. Possible mechanisms for this observation include salicylic acid s effect on lipid solubility and microcome-odone formation. 

Jessner s solution contains 14% resorcinol, 14% salicylic acid and 14% lactic acid. Jessner s solution has been used alone for superficial peeling, or in combination with TCA 35% to achieve a medium-depth peel. Increasing the number of coats applied to the treated area increases the depth and reaction induced by the Jessner s peel. These peels are well tolerated with minimal side effects in the author s practice. As with glycolic acid and salicylic acid peels, Jessner s peels are most commonly used as adjimctive therapy for moderate to severe facial dyschromias, acne, oily skin, texturally rough skin, fine wrinkles, and pseudofolliculitis barbae. 

Lawrence et al. [21] compared the efficacy of Jessner s solution and 70% glycolic acid in a split-face study of 16 patients. Of the total group, five were skin type IV, three were skin type V, and one was skin type VI. There was no statistically significant difference in improvement between the two groups. The investigator did not report an increased frequency of side effects in patients of skin types IV-VI. 

Wang CM, Huang CL, Hu CT, Chan HL (1997) The effects of glycolic acid on the treatment of melasma among Asian skin. Dermatol Surg 23 23-29... 

Azelaic acid is a non-phenolic derivative (1,7-hep tanedicarboxylic acid) used at concentration of 10-20% twice a day to treat melasma with minimal side effects (allergic reactions). It acts to disturb the tyrosinase synthesis and can be used as a bleaching agent in patients sensitive to hydroquinone. Better results are obtained if a glycolic acid cream is applied sequentially to azelaic acid treatment. 

Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-4 pyran 4-1-2 methyl) is a fungal derivative which inactivates tyrosinase via chelation of copper. Concentrations range from 2 to 4%. It can be used for monotherapy or in combination with retinoids or other cosme-ceutical products such as glycolic acid. Compared with hydroquinone, these kojic acid formulations usually show less efficacy. However, they may be effective in patients who do not... 

The concomitant use of various bleaching agents has also been shown to improve PIH. In 1975, tretinoin in combination with hydroqui-none and dexamethasone was reported as an effective treatment for PIH [14]. In a small study, the application of 2% hydroquinone and 10% glycolic acid gel twice daily and 0.05% tretinoin cream at night has been shown to provide benefit for darker-skinned patients with PIH [15]. Similarly, Yoshimura et al. [16] suggested efficacy of tretinoin combined with hydroquinone and lactic acid in reducing PIH. More re-... 

Superficial chemical peels, including salicylic and glycolic acids, and Jessner s peels target the stratum corneum to the papillary dermis. These agents can be safely used to facilitate the resolution of PIH (Figs. 16.2,16.3,16.4 and 16.5). To assess for variability in response and limit further PIH, when possible, chemical peels should be initiated at the lower concentrations and titrated to higher concentrations if necessary to increase efficacy while minimizing side effects (see Darker Skin Section). 

Sinclair, R. G., Slow-release pesticide system polymers of lactic and glycolic acids as ecologically beneficial, cost-effective encapsulating materials. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7, 955, 1973. 

The rate of hydrolysis of the partially ethoxylated polymer was retarded, although not to the extent calculated from theory (Fig. 25), suggesting some contribution to the rate of chain scission by an uncatalyzed process. End-capping poly (glycolic acid-co-lactic acid) has a similar effect on the rate of hydrolysis of this polyester (100). 

In summary, preliminary results from two animal models (rabbit and mouse) indicate that poly(N-palmitoylhydroxyproline ester) elicits a very mild, local tissue response that compares favorably with the responses observed for established biomaterials such as medical grade stainless steel or poly(lactic acid)/poly(glycolic acid) implants. At this point, additional assays need to be performed to evaluate possible allergic responses, as well as systemic toxic effects, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic activity, and adaptive responses. 

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