Gliomas, carcinomas

Kim Y, Yoon JW, Xiao X et al (2007) Selective down-regulation of glioma-associated oncogene 2 inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 67(8) 35 83-3593... 

AP 12009 Antisense oligonucleotide TGF- 32 Glioma, pancreatic carcinoma, melanoma... 

A number of toxic conditions beside hypoosmotic stress and hypoxia/ischemia produce brain edema and the causes may be related to regulation of the aquaporins (see Ch. 34). AQP1 and AQP4 are intensely upregulated in reactive astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage [69], in human glioma and astrocytoma [70] and AQP4 in endothelia and reactive astrocytes in metastatic carcinoma [71,72]. 

Variations on the filter-based assay have been designed to approximate more physiological contexts. Such assays include tumor cell invasion across a confluent cell monolayer (e.g., endothelial cells (EC) as a surrogate for intravasation or extravasation during hematogenous metastasis (24)) and ovarian carcinoma invasion of mesothelial cell monolayers (25). Additionally, 1 mm thick slices of human brain tissue have been used as a tissue barrier on Transwell filters with invasion of GFP-labeled glioma cells measured by confocal microscopy (26). 

Methylaziridine was administered to male and female rats by gavage at doses of 0, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw. Treatment-related toxicity was found at both doses and increased mortality was seen at the high dose, which was discontinued after 28 weeks. Animals were killed at week 60. The treatment produced mammary adenocarcinomas in females at both doses, gliomas in both sexes at both doses, squamous-cell carcinomas of the ear duct in both sexes, leukaemia in males and a small number of intestinal tumours in males (lARC, 1975 Weisburger etal., 1981). 

Lomustine (CCNU) is used to treat lymphomas and some solid tumors, particularly brain tumors, often in combination with procarbazine and vincristine (2). Nimustine (ACNU) is used to treat mahgnant glioma (3). Streptozocin (streptozotocin) is produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used to treat metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas, but because of its high nephrotoxic and emetogenic potential should be reserved for patients with symptomatic or progressive disease. 

In particular, malignant human ovary and mammary carcinomas can form solid aggregates with histological similarities to the primary tumours (Schleich, 1967). In addition, the production of extracellular matrix components similar to tumours in vivo has been demonstrated by Glimelius et al (1988) with multicellular spheroids of human glioma cells. 

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