Ceramics and Glasses

Glass-ceramics and phase-separated glasses. Properties,... 

H. D. Leigh, "Refractories," in M. Grayson, ed.. Encyclopedia of Glass, Ceramics, and Cement, oRu Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1985. 

The forecasts made in 1985 (77) of 8—8.5% worldwide aimual growth have not materialized. The 2 x lOg + /yr engineering plastic production reported for 1985—1986 has remained fairly constant. Whereas some resins such as PET, nylon-6, and nylon-6,6 have continued to experience growth, other resins such as poly(phenylene oxide) have experienced downturns. This is due to successhil inroads from traditional materials (wood, glass, ceramics, and metals) which are experiencing a rebound in appHcations driven by new technology and antiplastics environmental concerns. Also, recycling is likely to impact production of all plastics. 

Another growing field is that of nonmetallic heat exchanger designs which typically are of the shell and tube or coiled-tubing type. The graphite units were previously discussed but numerous other materi- s are available. The materials include Teflon, PVDF, glass, ceramic, and others as the need arises. 

A number of American research institutions and the people who shaped them have already featured in this book the creation of the Materials Research Laboratories Robert Mehl s influence on the Naval Research Laboratory and on Carnegie Institute of Technology Hollomon s influence on the GE laboratory Seitz s influence on the University of Illinois (and numerous other places) Carothers and Flory at the Dupont laboratory the triumvirate who invented the transistor and the atmosphere at Bell Laboratories that made this feat possible Stookey, glass-ceramics and the Corning Glass laboratory. I would like now to round off this list with an account of a most impressive laboratory that came to grief, and the man who shaped it. 

CORROSION OF GLASS, CERAMICS AND CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS edited by David E. Clark and Bruce K. Zoitos... 

Alpha-quartz has many useful properties which lead to its wide use in industry as a glass, ceramic and molecular sieve. However, undoubtedly its most technically important use occurs by virtue of its piezo-electric properties, which allow it to be used as a frequency regulating device in satellites, computers, and the ubiquitous quartz-watch . Unfortunately, it has been found that quartz crystals are susceptible to damage by radiation, and that this is associated with the presence of defects in the crystal lattice. These defects, particularly aluminum and hydrogen, are grown into the crystal and so far have proved impossible to remove. This problem has been the cause of intensive research, which has led to some information on the possible types of defects involved, but has failed to produce details of their geometries, and the way in which they interact. 

Proceedings of the Illrd Int l Conference on Ultrastructure Processing of Glasses. Ceramics and Composites. Feb. 24-47, 1987 to be published. 

Over the years, a large number of materials and approaches have been investigated for sealing of SOFC stacks. The best of these approaches have been successful in sealing the cells to acceptable leakage rates. Glass-ceramic and composite seals... 

The equipment needed is determined by the type and extent of the services chosen to provide. Hospitals already utilize laminar flow hoods for aseptic compounding of sterile solutions. The same hoods can be used to compound other sterile products such as eye drops. A balance, preferably electronic, is essential. Ointment slabs (pill tiles), along with spatulas of different types and materials, should be on hand. A few mortars and pestles (both of glass, ceramic, and/or plastic) should be obtained and some glassware. It may not be necessary to buy a roomful of equipment, but one should purchase what is needed to start the service, and build it up as the service grows and expands to different arenas. 

Grande, D.H., Mandell, J.F. and Hong, K.C.C. (1988). Fiber-matrix bond strength studies of glass, ceramic and metal matrix composites. J. Mater. Sci. 23, 311-328. 

Beryllium oxide shows excellent thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, and high electrical resistance. Also, it is unreactive to most chemicals. Because of these properties the compound has several applications. It is used to make refractory crucible materials and precision resistor cores as a reflector in nuclear power reactors in microwave energy windows and as an additive to glass, ceramics and plastics. 

W. Holand, W. Vogel, K. Nauman, J. Gummel, Interface reactions between machinable bioactive glass-ceramics and bone, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 19 (1985) 303-312. 

Adams, P. B. 1992. Predicting corrosion. In Clark, D. E. Zoitos, B. K. (eds) Corrosion of Glass, Ceramics and Ceramic Superconductors Principles, Testing, Characterization and Applications. Noyes, Park Ridge, USA, 29-50. 

Incinerator waste as secondary raw material examples of applications in glasses, glass-ceramics and ceramics... 

Many investigations have been performed in the field of glass-ceramics and different kinds of waste materials have been used (Boccaccini et al. 1996 Karamanov et al. 1999 Romero et al. 1999 Barbieri et al. 2000a, b Boccaccini et al. 2000 Francis et al. 2002). 

In the field of glass, ceramics, and enamels, ZnO is used for its ability to reduce thermal expansion, to lower the melting point, and to increase chemical resistance. It can also be used to modify gloss or to improve opacity. 

Red lead is produced industrially by oxidizing lead monoxide (PbO) at ca. 460 480 °C with agitation in a stream of air for 15-24 h. Most red lead is used in the glass, ceramic, and accumulator industries where an apparent density of < 2 g/mL is adequate. For the paint industry, however, highly dispersed red lead is normally necessary, with a sieve residue of <0.1 % on a 0.063 mm sieve (ISO 787, part 18) and an apparent density of 1.3-2.0 g/mL (ISO 510, DIN 55 516). 

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