Ceramic and glass coatings

Pt(CO)2Cl2] is used to deposit thin films of metallic platinum on surfaces. Concentiated organic solutions of poorly defined platinum complexes of alkyl mercaptides or sulforesinates are used to coat ceramics and glass. 

XPS has been used in almost every area in which the properties of surfaces are important. The most prominent areas can be deduced from conferences on surface analysis, especially from ECASIA, which is held every two years. These areas are adhesion, biomaterials, catalysis, ceramics and glasses, corrosion, environmental problems, magnetic materials, metals, micro- and optoelectronics, nanomaterials, polymers and composite materials, superconductors, thin films and coatings, and tribology and wear. The contributions to these conferences are also representative of actual surface-analytical problems and studies [2.33 a,b]. A few examples from the areas mentioned above are given below more comprehensive discussions of the applications of XPS are given elsewhere [1.1,1.3-1.9, 2.34—2.39]. 

Recent applications of e-beam and HF-plasma SNMS have been published in the following areas aerosol particles [3.77], X-ray mirrors [3.78, 3.79], ceramics and hard coatings [3.80-3.84], glasses [3.85], interface reactions [3.86], ion implantations [3.87], molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) layers [3.88], multilayer systems [3.89], ohmic contacts [3.90], organic additives [3.91], perovskite-type and superconducting layers [3.92], steel [3.93, 3.94], surface deposition [3.95], sub-surface diffusion [3.96], sensors [3.97-3.99], soil [3.100], and thermal barrier coatings [3.101]. 

In the thermal production of gold coatings on ceramics and glass, paints are used which comprise Au chloro-complexes and sulfur-containing resins dissolved in an organic solvent. It seems likely that polymeric species are responsible for rendering the gold soluble. 

Like the natural iron oxide pigments, the synthetics are used for colouring concrete, bitumen, asphalt, tiles, bricks, ceramics and glass. They are also used extensively in house and marine paints. Because the shapes of the particles can be accurately controlled and the particle size distribution is narrow, synthetic iron oxides have a greater tinting strength than the natural ones and so, are chosen where paint colour is important, i. e., for top coats. Red iron oxides are used in primers for automobiles and steel structures. 

The sol-gel process involves the transition of a system from a liquid "sol" (mostly colloidal) into a solid "gel" phase (11). By applying this methodology, it is possible to fabricate ceramic or glass materials in a wide variety of forms ultrafine or spherical-shaped powders, thin film coatings, ceramic fibers, microporous inorganic membranes, monolithic ceramics and glasses, or extremely porous aerogel materials. 

Paints and coatings, textiles Animal feeds, ceramics and glass, cosmetics and soaps, dyes... 

Se concentrations in municipal effluents vary widely, from 1.0 to over l(X)0/rg/l (Capon, 1991 Kapoor et al, 1995 Adriano, 2001). Extensive use of Se is found in the electronics industries for the manufacture of photocells, rectifiers, photometers, and xerographic equipment. It is used as a pigment in the glass industry, as a sulfur supplement in the rubber industry, as a pigment in plastic and ceramics, and for coating stainless steel and copper. Selenium is an antioxidant found sometimes in mineral and vegetable oils, lubricants and inks and is used in the manufacture of dandruff shampoo (Adriano, 2001). 

Ceramics have had limited application in cardiovascular devices except for hermetic seals on pacemakers and for insulation in radioablation catheters. Potentially, bioactive ceramics and glasses could have uses for enhanced cell and tissue adhesion. Experimental heart valves have been fabricated from ceramics, such as single-crystal s phire leaflets for heart valves. Ceramic coatings of heart-valve components to improve their wear properties, particularly by chemical vapor deposition methods, e.g., diamondlike coatings, are another potential application. 

Vitreous silica is important not only in the traditional ceramic and glass uses but also in its application in optical fibers, microelectronics, and catalysis. A detailed understanding of the bulk and the surface structure of the material is needed to improve optical fiber coatings, microelectronic devices, and catalytic supports. 

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