Inorganic glasses and ceramics

This review deals mainly with metals. The literature on their SCC is immense, and there are many useful texts and conference proceedings [1-12]. A brief history was published by Newman and Procter [13] and should be consulted for further historical details, especially the metal-environment combinations known to exhibit SCC. Plasticity plays a key role in SCC of metals, in contrast to inorganic glasses and ceramics, which are brittle solids and crack via reaction of the corrodent with highly stressed bonds at an atomically sharp crack tip [14]. Metal-induced fracture [15], formerly called hquid-metal embrittlement, remains a tantalizing phenomenon and... 

Applying organic, metallic, or inorganic (glasses and ceramics) coatings... 

SCC is defined as the growth of cracks due to the simultaneous action of a stress (nominally static and tensile) and a reactive environment. For metals, "reactive" excludes gaseous hydrogen, cathodic polarization, and liquid metals but includes aqueous and nonaque-ous electrolytes and reactive atmospheres (H2O, I2, CI2). Related phenomena occur in inorganic glasses and ceramics, especially in water, and are thought to be involved in major... 

Pigments and Glass. Tellurium has served as base for ultramarine-type cadmium sulfoteUuride (82) and cadmium teUuride pigments (83) (see Pigments, inorganic). In addition, smaU amounts of teUurium have been used in glass and ceramics to produce blue to brown colors (see Colorants for CERAMCS). 

It seems appropriate, therefore, to begin a survey of archaeological materials with a discussion of inorganic materials - from minerals and rocks, the most abundant materials on the planet, to those extracted, derived, or made from them, such as metals and alloys, glass and ceramics (Chapters 1-7). Organic and biological materials produced by, or derived from plants or animals are discussed next (Chapters 8-15). Finally, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, which make up most of the environment that affects all materials and determines the way they decay, are surveyed (Chapter 17). 

Borosilicate glass and ceramics are inert materials and have great chemical stability the weak point about glass, however, is its fragility. Glass can be used for both organics and inorganics, but one should be mindful of the fact that it is a potential source of boron and silicon and cannot be used if these elements are to be determined. 

Glasses and ceramics are inorganic materials that have been produced for thousands of years see Oxides Solid-state Chemistry and Noncrystalline Solids). Traditionally they are made from natural raw minerals such as clays or sand. Crystalline ceramics are shaped by adding water to clays in order to produce a plastic material and then heated in a furnace. Amorphous glasses are made from the melt and shaped by moulding near their softening temperatme. In both cases, high temperatmes are required. 

Not burning, even in pure Glass and ceramic fibres, inorganic... 

Nickel metal is malleable, ductile, and a fairly good conductor of electricity and heat. Its most common use is in stainless steels, where it may be combined with various other metals (such as iron, chromium, chromium, copper, etc.) to form alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion. Nickel is also used to make coins (U.S. five-cent pieces contain 25 percent nickel), batteries, magnets, and jewelry to protectively coat other metals and to color glass and ceramics green, see also Coordination Compounds Inorganic Chemistry. 

Silicon is observed in waters following the decomposition of aluminosilicates under the effects of CO2 and HjO. The solubility of amorphous and crystalline Si02 (quartz) is also quite significant. Artificial sources of silicon in waters are some industrial wastewaters of inorganic-based industry (e.g. in glass and ceramic production). 

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