Glass fiber reinforcement polyamides

Wang, Z. Y., Feng, Z.Q., Liu, Y., and Wang, Q. 2007. Flame retarding glass fibers reinforced polyamide 6 by melamine polyphosphate/polyurethane-encapsulated solid acid. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 105 3317-3322. 

Braun, U., Schartel, B., Fichera, M.A., and Jager, C. 2007. Flame retardancy mechanism of aluminum phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6. Polym. Degradation Stab., 92, 1528-1545. 

Figure 1.33 Comparison of light transmission images of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide in (a) bright-field and (b) phase contrast modes. (Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media from L.C. Swayer, and D.T. Grubb, Polymer Microscopy, Chapman Hall, London. 1996 Springer Science.)...

Many other parameters may be involved depending on the method of processing. Such orientation not only occurs when processing from a solution or a melt but may also occur by inducing strain in the material. Glass fiber reinforced polyamide-6 was subjected to such a strain. Heated specimens were extended under controlled strain and cooled under extension. Hencky strain was calculated from the following equation ... 

P.-A. Eriksson, A.-C. Albertsson, P. Boydell, and J.-A. E. MSnson, Durability of In-plant Recycled Glass-fiber Reinforced Polyamide 66, Submitted to Polymer Engineering and Science (1997). 

A thermoplastic widely used in technical parts due to its high stiffiiess and strength is glass fiber-reinforced polyamide (PA 66 GF35). Figure 7 shows an oil module made completely of this material except for the valves and sockets, which was produced by Mann+Hummel. 

Fig. 4.161 Flexural-creep modulus of glass fiber reinforced polyamide and polyphthal amide at 23 °C [12Els].

Uses Feed additive nutrient dietary supplement in table salt as source of dietary iodine catalyst in Sandmeyer reactions cloud seeding heat stabilizer for glass fiber-reinforced polyamides antioxidant/stabilizer... 

The obtainable increase in the tensile strength depends on both the plastic and the reinforcing fiber. Craze formation is caused by shear stress peaks at the fiber-plastic interface. Consequently, plastics with ductile deformation behavior lead to better mechanical properties than brittle plastics glass-fiber-reinforced polyamides exhibit the larger increase in tensile strength when compared with glass-fiber-reinforced epoxides. 

Liu, Y. and Wang, Q. Melamine cyanurate-microencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91,3103-3109 (2006). 

Figure 6.305 Stress vs. strain at various temperatures for EMS-Grivory Grivory GV-5H—PA66/ PPA alloy, 50% glass fiber reinforced polyamide blend resin (DAM).

Dexter RPI 424, 600 Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 or polyamide-66, PA Dexter Corp. 

Phosphinates denoted by the general formula [R -R -P0(=0)] M (M = metal or N H, / ), are efficient fire retardants for engineering thermoplastics such as glass fiber-reinforced polyamides and polyesters. Synergistic effects with nitrogen-containing materials such as melamine have been reported [50, 51]. 

A. Hassan, R. Yahya, A. H. Yahaya, A. R. M. Tahir and P. R. Hornsby, Tensile, impact and fiber length properties of injection-molded short and long glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6,6 composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 23, 969-986 (2004). 

A. Meddad and B. Fisa, Weldline strength in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66, Polymer Engineering Science, 35, 893-901 (1995). 

Fig. 14. Fractured knit line of a molded part made from glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide.

Wang F-Y, Ma C-C M and Wu W-J (1999), Mechanical properties, morphology, and flame retardance of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-toughened novolac-type phenolic resin , J Appl Polym Sci, 73, 881-887. 

Launay A, Marco Y, Maitoumam M H, Raoult I and Szmytka F (2010) Cyclic behavior of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide for fatigue life prediction of automotive components, Procedia Eng 2 901-910. 

Tjong S C, Xu S A, Li R K and Ma Y W (2002) Short glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6,6 composites toughened with maleated SEES, Compos Sci Technol 62 2017-2027. 

The specific wear rates of liquid crystalline polymers, 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 4,6, and 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide ranged from 3 X 10" to 4.43 X 10- mmVNm, 1.63 x 10 to 1.1 x 10 mm /Nm, and 2.4 x 10 to 2.1 X 10" mmWm, respectively. 

Seldon [10] measured the weld line strength and impact, and flexural and tensile properties of injection-molded specimens of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 and talc-filled polypropylene (PP). Further information was obtained by examination of fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy. 

Gotzmann et al. [12] of Bayer Plastics discussed the manufacture of metal-plastic hydride components, including injection molding plastics such as glass fiber-reinforced polyamides around a steel aluminum profile placed in the mold. Some applications of such components were examined, and computer-aided material selection, finite element analysis, and computer simulation systems developed for use in this technology are described. 

Carbon fiber- and glass fiber-reinforced polyamides 6 have been used in the construction of wind turbine blades [15] using thermoset composite technology. It is claimed that such structures are stronger than thermostats for the same weight, and... 

Fig. 5.63 Transmitted light micrographs of a glass fiber reinforced polyamide polished thin section is shown by three optical techniques. Imaging in bright field (A) reveals clear, round fibers aligned perpendicular to the section plane and a mottled textured matrix. Polarized light (B) shows the glass fibers are isotropic (black) whereas the polymer is birefringent and composed of finely textured spherulites. Phase contrast (C) shows that there are small, white regions of different refractive index than the matrix.

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