Cephalic gland secretion

Detection of the hyperparasitoid by the primary parasitoid has also been recently described. The parasitoid Aphidius uzbekistanikus detects trans-fused iridoids 21 produced by females of the hyperparasitoid A. victrix as part of their defensive cephalic gland secretion. The iridoids cause avoidance behavior in A. uzbekistanikus [46]. 

The cephalic gland secretion from both sexes of Dufourea inermis and D, minuta also contains a series of multicomponent pheromones. The secretion is composed of sex species-specific blends methyl-carbin-ols and the corresponding long chain carboxylic esters (204), Multicomponent insect pheromones have also been identified in trail (205) and sex pheromones (206, 207). 

Traniello, J.F.A., B.L. Thorne, and G.D. Prestwick Chemical Composition and Efficacy of Cephalic Gland Secretion of Armitermes chagresi (Isoptera Termitidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 531-543 (1984). 

Moore, B.P. Studies on the Chemical Composition and Function of the Cephalic Gland Secretion in Australian Termites. J. Insect Physiol. 14, 33-39 (1968). 

Moore, B. P. (1968) Studies on the chemical composition and function of the cephalic gland secretion in Australian termites. J. Insect Physiol., 14, 33-9. 

In most plethodontid salamanders, courtship is terrestrial and the male does not clasp the female or restrain her in any way. The male, nevertheless, makes much physical contact with the female, crawling over and under her, or rubbing her snout with his head. In particular, the male frequently delivers secretions from specialized cephalic glands directly to the female. In Plethodon jordani, the male has an enlarged mental (submandibular) gland that he slaps over the female s nares (Arnold, 1977, Fig. 8). In a related species, yonahlossee, the male also slaps his mental gland over the female s snout (Arnold, 1972). Neither P. jordani nor P. yonahlossee males use their teeth to aid in secretion delivery. 

All- m 5-farnesyl hexanoate (190) was the main component of the female Dufour s gland secretion of eleven Andrena species, while ger-anyl octanoate (191) was the main component of the secretion from two other species. One or another of these two compounds is also the dominant component in the cephalic secretion of male Nomada bees. Apparently, Nomada bees prey only on a single Andrena host species. All-rm 5-famesyl hexanoate (190) is the dominant component... 

On the other hand, the cephalic secretion of the cleptoparasitic bee Holcopasites calliopsides produces two main substances, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (62) and geranyl acetone (63), whereas the mandibular gland secretion of its host Caliopsis andreniformis contains neral (199) and geranial (200). Thus in this case no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that H. calliopsides uses host mandibular gland secretion as a kairomone to locate C. andreniformis nests (579). 

The chemistry of mandibular gland secretions has been studied in two genera of Anthophorinae. Batra and Hefetz (1979) showed that the secretions of male Melissodes denticulata are dominated by a homologous series of saturated and unsaturated butanoates ranging from C,2 to Cjs (even carbon compounds only). However, none of these compounds has been detected in female head extracts, so that it is possible that the chemicals actually came from the cephalic labial glands, which are better developed in males. In contrast, the secretions of... 

TengO and BergstrOm (1977) state that Nomada males and females produce relatively large amounts of cephalic secretions (1 mg per individual) yet chemically are quite different. We (RMD and JWW), however, find that for several Nomada species the male and female mandibular gland secretions are both dominated by a compound with a molecular weight of 170 which is not a famesyl or geremyl ester. This compound is not present in the Dufour s gland of the Andrena hosts. 

The chemistry of the cephalic secretions of bumble bees needs clarification. Cederberg (1977) reports geraniol from the mandibular glands while Kullenberg et al. (1970), and Svensson and Bergstrdm (1977) report geraniol from male labial gland extracts. Similarly, citronellol has been reported from both sources. 

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