Of Ginkgo biloba

Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 336 1108, 1997. 

Hindmarch I (1986). Activity of Ginkgo biloba extract on short-term memory. Presse Medicale, 15, 1592-1594. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes KA (2000). The dose dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 151, 416 123. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh R, Moore B and Ashton H (2003a). Electroencephalograph (EEG) effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 701-709. 

Kristoikova Z and Klaschka J (1997). In vitro effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the activity of presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals in rat hippocampus. Dementia <6 Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 8, 43-48. 

Mix JA and Crews WD (2000). An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 6, 219-229. 

Mix JA and Crews WD (2002). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults Neuropsychological findings. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 17, 267-277. 

Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D and Mendelow AD (2000). Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. 

Warot D, Lacomblez L, Danjou P, Weiller E, Payan C and Puech AJ (1991). Comparative effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on psychomotor performances and memory in healthy subjects. Therapie, 46, 33-36. 

A metaanalysis indicated that EGb 761 (an extract of ginkgo biloba) may have some therapeutic effect at doses of 120 to 240 mg of the standard leaf extract twice daily. Because of limited efficacy data, the potential for adverse effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, and hemorrhage), and the poor standardization of herbal products, it is recommended that ginkgo biloba be used only with caution. 

These compounds were first isolated in 1932 by Furukawa [176] from the bitter principles of Ginkgo biloba, but their structures have been resolved only recently. In 1967, Nakanishi s group reported their structures and called them Ginkgolides A, B, C and M (25a,b,c,e) [177-181], These are termed BN 52020, BN 52021, BN 52022 and BN 52023, respectively, in IHB nomenclature. A new ginkgolide, J (BN 52024 25d) has been recently identified [182]. All these compounds differ only by the number and the position of hydroxy groups, which may be present on C1 C3 or C7 of the spirononane framework. 

Another HPTLC method has been developed for the separation of kaempferol and quercetin in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves showing beneficial effect in brain diseases. Leaves were refluxed with methanol for 30 min then filtered. The filtrate was refluxed with 25 per cent HC1 for 60 min then neutralized with ammonia and the clear supernatant was applied for HPTLC. Silica plates were predeveloped in chloroform-methanol (1 1, v/v). Separation was performed with toluene-acetone-methanol-formic acid (46 8 5 1, v/v) as the mobile phase using incremental multiple development. A densitogram illustrating the good separation charactersitics of the system is shown in Fig. 2.42. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was low (1.37 and 1.40 for kaempferol and quercetin,... 

A. Jamshidi, M. Adjvadi and S.W. Husain, Determination of kaempferol and quercetin in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). J. Plan. Chromatogr.—Mod. TLC. 13 (2000) 57-59. 

Biber A, Koch E. (1999). Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of Ginkgo biloba using GC/MS. Planta Med. 65(2) 192-93. 

Bolanos-Jimenez F, Manhaes de Castro R, Sarhan H, prudhomme N, Drieu K, Fillion G. (1995). Stress-induced 5-HTlA receptor desensitization protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 9(2) 169-74. 

Brunello N, Racagni G, Clostre F, Drieu K, Braquet P. (1985). Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on noradrenergic systems of rat cerebral cortex. Pharmacol Res Common. 17(11) 1063-72. 

Chen X, Salwinski S, Lee TJ. (1997). Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and ginsenosides exert cerebral vasorelaxation via a nitric oxide pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 24(12) 958-59. 

Cohen-Salmon C, Venault P, Martin B, Raffalli-Sebille MJ, Barkats M, Clostre F, Pardon MC, Christen Y, Chapouthier G. (1997). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on learning and possible actions on aging. J Physioi Paris. Dec. 91(6) 291-300. 

Didier A, Droy-Lefaix MT, Aurousseau C, Cazals Y. (1996). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on cochlear vasculature in the guinea pig morphometric measurements and laser Doppler flowmetry. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 253(1-2) 25-30. 

Duche JC, Barre J, Guinot P, Duchier J, Cournot A, Tillement JP. (1989). Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on microsomal enzyme induction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 9(3) 165-68. 

Duverger D, DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. (1995). Effects of repeated treatments with an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on cerebral glucose utilization in the rat an autoradiographic study. Gen Pharmacol. 26(6) 1375-83. 

Fourtillan JB, Brisson AM, Girault J, Ingrand I, Decourt JP, Drieu K, Jouenne P, Biber A. (1995). [Pharmacokinetic properties of bilobalide and ginkgolides A and B in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)]. Therapie. 50(2) 137-44. Frewer U. (1990). The effect of betel nut on human performance. PNG MedJ. 33(2) 143-5. 

Gajewski A, Hensch SA. (1999). Ginkgo biloba and memory for a maze. Psychol Rep. 84(2) 481-84. Garg RK, Nag D, Agrawal A. (1995). A double blind placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 43(11) 760-63. 

Itil TM, Eralp E, Ahmed I, Kunitz A, Itil KZ. (1998). The pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba, a plant extract, on the brain of dementia patients in comparison with tacrine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 34(3) 391-97. 

Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Wenzel E. (1990). Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 40(5) 589-93. 

Klein J, Chatterjee SS, Loffelholz K. (1997). Phospholipid breakdown and choline release under hypoxic conditions inhibition by bilobalide, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba. Brain Res. 755(2) 347-50. 

Kriegistein 3, Beck T, Seibert A. (1986). Influence of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Life Sci. 39(24) 2327-34. 

Kunkel H. (1993). EEG profile of three different extractions of Ginkgo biloba. Neuropsychobiology. 27(1) 40-45. 

Lacour M, Ez-Zaher L, Raymond J. (1991). Plasticity mechanisms in vestibular compensation in the cat are improved by an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 140(2) 367-79. 

Lamour Y, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI, Soncrant TT. (1992). Ginkgo biloba extract decreases local glucose utilization in the adult rat brain. In Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (Egb 761) in the Central Nervous System. Christen J, Costentin C, Lacour M, eds. Paris Elsevier, pp 1 25. 

Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. (1997). A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 278(16) 1327-32. 

Lugasi A, Horvahovich P, Dworschak E. (1999). Additional information to the in vitro antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba L. Phytother Res. 13(2) 160-62. 

Macovschi 0, Prigent AF, Nemoz G, Pacheco FI. (1987). Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on the 3, 5 -cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of the brain of normal and triethyltin-intoxicated rats. J Neurochem. 49(1) 107-14. 

Maitra I, Marcocci L, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. (1995). Peroxyl radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem Pharmacol. 49(11) 1649-55. 

Major RT. (1967). The ginkgo, the most ancient living tree. The resistance of Ginkgo biloba L. to pests accounts in part for the longevity of this species. Science. 157(794) 1270-3. 

Marcilhac A, Dakine N, Bourhim N, Guillaume V, Grino M, Drieu K, Oliver C. (1998). Effect of chronic administration of Ginkgo biloba extract or ginkgolide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Life Sci. 62(25) 2329-40. 

Maurer K, Ihl R, Dierks T, Frolich L. (1997). Clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Psychiatr Res. 31(6) 645-55. 

Ni Y, Zhao B, Hou J, Xin W. (1996). Preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on apoptosis in rat cerebellar neuronal cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. Neurosci Lett. 214(2-3) 115-18. 

Raymond J. (1986). [Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the morphological preservation of vestibular sensory epithelia in mice]. Presse Med. 15(31) 1484-87. 

Saponara R, Bosisio E. (1998). Inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase by biflavones of Ginkgo biloba in rat adipose tissue. J Nat Prod. 61(11) 1386-87. 

Seif-EI-Nasr M, El-Fattah AA. (1995). Lipid peroxide, phospholipids, glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity in rat brain after ischaemia effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Pharmacol Res. 32(5) 273-78. 

Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, Binder GA, Decker KA. (1995). Cognitive psychophysiology in nootropic drug research effects of Ginkgo biloba on event-related potentials (P300) in age-associated memory impairment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 28(4) 134-42. 

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