Germany total

Worldwide production capacity of Hquid polysulfides is about 33,000 t with manufacturing sites in the United States, Japan, and Germany. Total consumption is about 28,600 t. Approximately 50% is for insulating glass sealants, 30% for constmction appHcations, and - 10% for aircraft sealants. In addition, - 909 t of the soHd polysulfide mbbers are sold each year. 

Shanghai Tian Yuan (Group) Corp. (China) Sigma-Aldrich Laborchemikalien (Germany) Total Specialty Chemicals... 

In 1997, health expenditures in Germany totaled 298 billion, equal to 14.2 /o of the GDP. The health care system in Germany is decentralized, and health care expenditures are covered by a variety of sources/payers. The statutory insurance system (GKV) represents the biggest proportion of the total care coverage (for almost 50 /o). Employers, government budget, private households, private insurance. 

Methyl-ferf-butyl-ether (MTBE synonymous with ferf-butyl methyl ether and methyl tert butylether) has been used as an additive for car fuels in Europe and the USA since the 1970s. Since the beginning of the 1980s MTBE has gained in importance as an additive in petrol in Germany. In 2001 the added MTBE quantity in gasolines in Germany totalled 680 0001 [1]. 

BASF is the second largest supplier of polyamide resins in the world with global production capacity for its Ultramid polyamide of around 340,000 tpa in 2002. In Europe, BASF has plants in Antwerp, Belgium and Ludwigshafen, Germany. Total European capacity is estimated at close to... 

The tendency to separate is expressed most often by the cloud point, the temperature at which the fuei-alcohol mixture loses its clarity, the first symptom of insolubility. Figure 5.17 gives an example of how the cloud-point temperature changes with the water content for different mixtures of gasoline and methanol. It appears that for a total water content of 500 ppm, that which can be easily observed considering the hydroscopic character of methanol, instability arrives when the temperature approaches 0°C. This situation is unacceptable and is the reason that incorporating methanol in a fuel implies that it be accompanied by a cosolvent. One of the most effective in this domain is tertiary butyl alcohol, TBA. Thus a mixture of 3% methanol and 2% TBA has been used for several years in Germany without noticeable incident. 

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

Historically, the development of the acrylates proceeded slowly they first received serious attention from Otto Rohm. AcryUc acid (propenoic acid) was first prepared by the air oxidation of acrolein in 1843 (1,2). Methyl and ethyl acrylate were prepared in 1873, but were not observed to polymerize at that time (3). In 1880 poly(methyl acrylate) was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum, who noted that on dry distillation up to 320°C the polymer did not depolymerize (4). Rohm observed the remarkable properties of acryUc polymers while preparing for his doctoral dissertation in 1901 however, a quarter of a century elapsed before he was able to translate his observations into commercial reaUty. He obtained a U.S. patent on the sulfur vulcanization of acrylates in 1912 (5). Based on the continuing work in Rohm s laboratory, the first limited production of acrylates began in 1927 by the Rohm and Haas Company in Darmstadt, Germany (6). Use of this class of compounds has grown from that time to a total U.S. consumption in 1989 of approximately 400,000 metric tons. Total worldwide consumption is probably twice that. 

The 0X0 or hydroformylation reaction was discovered in Germany in 1938 (10) and was first used on a commercial scale by the Enjay Chemical Company (now Exxon) in 1948. By 1990 the total world alcohol capacity based on this general technology was over four million metric tons per year (see Oxo... 

United States exports of spices in 1992 totaled 87.7 million up from 85.2 million in 1991 (Table 4). Dehydrated onion was the most important export spice product at 36.1 million followed by dehydrated gadic, 7.5 million capsicum peppers, 8.9 million black and white pepper, 5.8 million and prepared mustard products, 4.8 million. Canada, Japan, and Germany are the principal markets for United States spice exports. The production in the United States of temperate 2one spices is increa sing every year some of this output is exported as raw spice. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Total consumption of TiF in both the United States and Europe is less than 500 kg/yr. TiF is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich, Aesar, Johnson/Matthey, Cerac, PCR, and Pfalt2 Bauer of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Schuchardt of Germany. Its 1993 price varied between 300 to 400/kg. 

In Western Europe, the CPC producers are equally varied. The following is a partial Hst of the larger companies with total CPC production capacity (10 t) at all sites shown in parentheses Atochem SA (148.5, Prance and Spain), Hoescht AG (102.0, Germany), KaH-Chemie AG (66.0, Germany and Spain), Montefluos SpA (100.0, Italy), and ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd. (>113.6, United Kingdom). These producers account for over 80% of the Western European CPC production. 

Large-scale recovery of light oil was commercialized in England, Germany, and the United States toward the end of the nineteenth century (151). Industrial coal-tar production dates from the earliest operation of coal-gas faciUties. The principal bulk commodities derived from coal tar are wood-preserving oils, road tars, industrial pitches, and coke. Naphthalene is obtained from tar oils by crystallization, tar acids are derived by extraction of tar oils with caustic, and tar bases by extraction with sulfuric acid. Coal tars generally contain less than 1% benzene and toluene, and may contain up to 1% xylene. The total U.S. production of BTX from coke-oven operations is insignificant compared to petroleum product consumptions. 

Hoechst HTP Process. The two-stage HTP (high temperature pyrolysis) process was operated by Farbwerke Hoechst ia Germany. The cracking stock for the HTP process can be any suitable hydrocarbon. With hydrocarbons higher than methane, the ratio of acetylene to ethylene can be varied over a range of 70 30 to 30 70. Total acetylene and ethylene yields, as wt % of the feed, are noted ia Table 11. 

Western Europe. Acetylene demand in Western Europe exceeds by far that of any other geographical region. Prior to the unification of Germany in 1990, acetylene consumption in Western Europe was estimated to be 430, 000 t/yr with the addition of 280,000 t of consumption attributed to the former German Democratic RepubHc, total consumption increased to 710,000 t. 

The world ink industry had total sales estimated to be about 10.5 biUion in 1992. The United States had about 32% (by weight) of world sales with the remaining portion spHt between Asia and Europe/Africa. Japan has about 22% market share, Germany has 10%, and the U.K., Italy, and Erance each have 5%. The remaining share is spHt among many other countries. 

Totals for Germany iu 1991—1992 iuclude data for Eastern and Western states. 

Cumulative production in countries outside the former USSR, Eastern Europe, and China since the late 1930s has totaled about 1 x 10 t U. A majority of this production came from the United States, Canada, Germany, Namibia, Niger, and South Africa. In addition, some 218,500 t U, 102,245 t U, 16,700 t U, and 16,850 t U have been produced, respectively, in the former GDR, former C2echoSlovakia, Hungary, and Romania. It is estimated that about 72,000 t U have been produced in Ka2akhstan. Reflable cumulative production data for the rest of the CIS, other Eastern European countries, and China, however, are not available (26). 

The current and projected HDPE capacities are shown in Table 3, and producers of resins in Table 4. In most cases, an accurate estimation of the total HDPE volume is compHcated by the fact that a large number of plants also use the same reactors for manufacture of HDPE or LLDPE. UHMWPE is produced in the United States (Himont and American Hoechst), in Japan (Asahi), and in Germany (Hoechst) worldwide capacity is approximately 45,000 tons. The use of post-consumer (recycled) HDPE is gradually increasing in volume. The growth of recycling programs is driven principally by economics (110,114) it has increased from a mere 60,000 tons in 1989 to 350,000 tons in 1994 and is expected to increase to 1.4 million t in the year 2000 (115). 

The large candles used by the U.S. Navy have been produced ia the United States by three companies. Mine Safety AppHances Company, Puritan-Beimett Corporation, and Scott Aviation. These sell for 50— 60. Production is less than 10,000/yr. Smaller candles incorporated ia breathing apparatus are produced by equipment suppHers. Production quantities are tied to the number of complete units and the candles are a small percentage of the total price. Production for aircraft oxygen supply during a decompression incident is about 50,000 units per year. In the United States, Puritan-Beimett and Scott Aviation are the primary suppHers as is Draeger in Germany. 

There is also, however, an increasing resistance by local communities to siting new plants in many of these European areas. Moreover, the environmental regulations have become increasingly stringent in Germany, the Netherlands, and Erance. It is estimated that the environment and other safety-related costs in Germany have risen to the point where 30% of the total capital investment needed is for environmental and safety measures. 

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