General clause

The Market Practices Act provides for several remedies or sanctions depending on the nature of the violation. Misleading advertisements and special offers carry a sanction of both prohibitive injunction (subject to fines upon non-compliance), market disruption fees between SEK5000 and SEK5000 000 and third party damages, whereas in cases of violation of the general clause on unfair marketing only prohibitive injunction is available. The Consumer Ombudsman, a competitor or a trade or consumer association can initiate actions. 

The international method for resistance to liquids is ISO 1817 [7], which has been revised [1], The method gives general clauses covering conditioning, choice of test liquid, temperatures and duration of test, and then details separate routines for determining the change in physical properties. ISO 1817 specifies two procedures for determination of tensile properties and hardness, one immediately after immersion and the other after immersion and subsequent drying. 

The Federal Constitutional Court has been cited so extensively because the decision is of importance in another connection as well. The state of science as mentioned need not be considered it will not yet be included in regulations. The general clauses generally accepted rules of technology and state of the art remain. Concerning the use of the first formula, the instrument of safety law was mentioned as an example. 

Notwithstanding the uncontestable advantages of the general clause method, it has a major disadvantage there is considerable lack of regulation and the final decision is passed on to the courts. 

The idea of a single comprehensive law on technology may have to be waived. It would either be devoid of practical substance or, if it did include substantive regulations, would be obsolete before final promulgation. However, the principles should be adhered to. Legislative procedures, for example, which follow the general clause method will be determining factors in the future as well. 

A. Reservation of the Law. To a great extent, technical safety law uses unspecific legal concepts in the form of general clauses. In addition, standards which set forth in concrete terms how life and health are to be protected from the hazards of technical progress are often merely technical standards which cannot claim any direct force on their own. This could constitute a violation of the principle of the general reservations of the law. 

B. Certainty of the Law, The numerous, general-clause-type uncertain legal concepts of technical safety law could—in particular, because they are used in the basic formal laws—violate the constitutional mandate calling for sufficient certainty of the law. 

Generally, Claus plants are not considered for very small amounts of sulfur (less than 10-20 t/d) because the unit cost is extremely high at these small sizes. For this size range, processes normally considered for tail-gas treating become economically practical for the entire sulfur recovery operation. 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

The food additive and GRAS rules appHcable to human foods generally apply to animal food ingredients. However, the Delaney clause s prohibition against carcinogenic substances in food additives was amended to permit carcinogenic chemicals to be fed to animals if the animals are not adversely affected and no residue can be found after slaughter. 

General-duty clause A clause in the OSH act that requires the employer to provide a workplace that is free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm. 

Existing AIAG, ANFIA, FIEV, and VDA manuals are listed in a bibliography to ISQ/TS 16949 and form part of the requirements to the extent specified in specific clauses. For example, suppliers to Ford, Ghrysler, and General Motors will be required to apply the APQP Manual, FMEA Manual, etc. 

This general requirement for procedures introduces uncertainty into what particular procedures are actually required. The standard does not require the design control procedures to address each requirement of this clause but were they not to, you would need to demonstrate that the absence of such procedures had no adverse affect on the quality of design. 

The procedures that require the use or preparation of documents should also specify or invoke the procedures for their control. If the controls are unique to the document, they should be specified in the procedure that requires the document. You can produce one or more common procedures which deal with the controls that apply to all documents. Although ISO 9001 does not address all controls under clause 4.5, the provisions of clause 4.16 relating to the identification, access, filing, and storage of quality records are equally appropriate to documents in general and should be applied although it is not mandatory. 

The General Specification must coincide with the drawings to be credible. It is all very well inserting a clause to... 

The 1982 White Paper on Standards, Quality and International Competitiveness was concurrent with increasing interest in the techniques of quality assurance and the need for international harmonization of standards and the reciprocal recognition of certification. It is worth noting that the ISO 9000 series of standards on Quality Systems 1987 followed the layout of BS 5750 1979 almost clause by clause. ISO Guide 39 covers the general requirements for inspection bodies. Auditing on behalf of certification bodies is part of the inspecting authorities role. 

It is beyond the scope of this chapter to explain the syntax and semantics of first-order predicate logic, and the reader is referred to Lloyd s text (1987) for a general introduction. However, it is useful to provide some details on the horn clause form. 

The method that Shavlik developed to carry out the structure generalization is complex, and requires the introduction of an extension to the horn clause deduction scheme to allow the repetitive application of a... 

Figure 8. HRTEM image of Au-ln/ZnO (left), and surface model (right). Indium preferentially decorates the outer faces of the gold particles while the edges remain uncovered. (Reprinted from P. Claus, Appl. Catal. A General 291 (2005) 222, 2005, with permission from Elsevier).

Pulp and paper mills are subject to a section of the CAA that states that stationary sources using extremely hazardous substances have a general duty to initiate specific activities to prevent and mitigate accidental releases. The general duty requirements apply to stationary sources that produce, process, handle, or store these substances, regardless of the quantity. The general duty clause requires facilities to identify hazards that may result from accidental releases, to design and maintain a safe facility, and to minimize the consequences of releases when they occur. 

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