Gastrointestinal system constipation

Pericardial and pleural effusion Decreased exercise capacity Congestive heart failure Gastrointestinal system Constipation, ileus Enlargement of the tongue Asoites... 

Q Constipation related to the effects of the narcotics on the gastrointestinal system... 

Because of the multiple receptor sites that TCAs bind to, there are a variety of possible side effects that can be seen in treatment. The blockade of muscarinic receptors leads to increased anticholinergic tone and subsequent anti-cholinergic side effects, especially in the gastrointestinal system. These include delirium, dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation, and urinary retention in adults. In children, anticholinergic side effects are often not seen with treatment (Geller et ah, 1992). Tricyclic antidepressant blockade of the presynaptic a 2 receptors leads to increased autonomic tone throughout the body, causing elevations in heart rate and blood pressure. 

Pathophysiologically, constipation generally results from disordered colonic transit or anorectal function as a result of a primary motility disturbance, certain drugs, or in association with a large number of systemic diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Constipation from any cause may be exacerbated by chronic illnesses that lead to physical or mental impairment and result in inactivity or physical immobility. Additional contributing factors may include a lack of fiber in the diet, generalized muscle weakness, and possibly stress and anxiety. 

Gastrointestinal system Nausea Constipation Diarrhea Dyspepsia Weight gain (rarely, weight loss) Anorexia... 

Gastrointestinal system Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Constipation Dry mouth Respiratory system Bronchospasm Cough suppression Respiratory depression Cardiovascular system Palpitations Changes in pulse rate Changes in blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension Circulatory depression Genitourinary system Reduced libido Urinary retention or hesitancy Oliguria... 

Gastrointestinal system. Antacids that contain large quantities of sodium can precipitate fluid retention to cause ascites. Aluminium- and Ccilcium-based preparations cause constipation and may thereby precipitate hepatic encephalopathy, as can antimotility drugs. 

Xerostomia, and general decrease in exocrine secretions constipation, due to the inhibition of the actions of acetylcholine on the gastrointestinal system dyspepsia tachycardia and anginal pain, due to an increase in contractile force of cardiac muscle. In addition, common adverse effects include urticaria, flushing of the skin, photophobia, thirst, nausea and vomiting, leukocytosis, fever, and urinary retention secondary to decreased tone and amplitude of contractions of the ureters and bladder. 

Gastrointestinal effects Constipation occurs through decreased intestinal peristalsis, which is probably mediated by effects on opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system. This powerful action is the basis for the clinical use of these drugs as antidiarrheal agents. 

Problems with the gastrointestinal system can be vomiting, ingesting toxins, diarrhea, constipation, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Each is treatable with the proper medication. In this chapter, you ll leam about common gastrointestinal disorders and the medications that are frequently prescribed... 

In a phase II, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of prucalopride 2 or 4 mg/day for 4 weeks in 196 patients with non-cancer pain and opioid-induced constipation, prucalopride improved bowel function [17. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was 49% with placebo (32/66), 58% with prucalopride 2 mg (38/66), and 50% with prucalopride 4 mg (32/64). The most common adverse events were related to the gastrointestinal system and included abdominal pain and nausea. Abdominal pain was more frequent with prucalopride 4 mg/day (16/64) compared with 2 mg/day (8/66) and placebo (6/66). Pain was the most frequently reported adverse event prucalopride 2 mg/day, 4/66 prucalopride 4 mg/day, 2/64 placebo 3/66. 

Gastrointestinal system Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Anorexia Stomatitis (waste buildup) Bleeding (waste buildup, impaired clotting) Parenteral nutrition (if indicated) Enteral nutrition (if indicated) Dietary restriction of potassium (40 mEq or as ordered), sodium, phosphate based on values of labwork Protein intake based on need (0.6-2 g/kg/day)... 

Gastrointestinal. Lead may also affect the gastrointestinal system producing abdominal colic or diffuse abdominal pain, constipation, obstipation, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Lead colic rarely develops at blood lead levels below 80 [ig/dl. 

Gastrointestinal system nausea, vomiting, gastric distress and abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, anorexia, and dryness of the mouth, pancreatitis. 

The Class I agents have many similar side effects and toxicities. The anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary hesitancy and retention. Common gastrointestinal (GI) side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Cardiovascular adverse effects are hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and myocardial depression, especially in patients with congestive heart failure. Common central nervous system (CNS) side effects are headache, dizziness, mental confusion, hallucinations, CNS stimulation, paraesthesias, and convulsions. 

There are a number of side-effects of opiates that are due to their actions on opiate receptors outside the central nervous system. Opiates constrict the pupils by acting on the oculomotor nucleus and cause constipation by activating a maintained contraction of the smooth muscle of the gut which reduces motility. This diminished propulsion coupled with opiates reducing secretion in the gut underlie the anti-diarrhoeal effect. Opiates contract sphincters throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Although these effects are predominantly peripheral in origin there are central contributions as well. Morphine can also release histamine from mast cells and this can produce irritation and broncho-spasm in extreme cases. Opiates have minimal cardiovascular effects at therapeutic doses. 

Reproductive disorders Endometrial disorder Leukorrhea Uterine disorder Uterovaginal prolapse Vaginal discomfort Urinary system disorders Micturition frequency Urinary incontinence Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal pain Constipation... 

The value of pharmacological interventions is not as firmly established as is desirable. Control of pre-cipitants notably gastrointestinal haemorrhage, systemic infection, constipation and electrolyte, particularly potassium imbalance is important. Despite lack of consistent evidence, use of synthetic sugars by mouth and oral antibiotics (neomycin or metronidazole) remains standard. Oral neomycin, though poorly absorbed, can still cause eighth cranial nerve damage. 

The gastrointestinal tract is the only system outside the central nervous system (CNS) with significant concentrations of opioid receptors. This reflects their common embryonic origins. Opioids increase intestinal tone and decrease propulsive peristalsis, resulting in delayed gastric emptying and constipation or ileus. Opioids increase common bile duct pressure and decrease bile production and flow, primarily because of spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. The tone of the bile duct itself is also increased. 

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