Intestinal peristalsis

Antidiarrheals decrease intestinal peristalsis, which is usually increased when the patient has diarrhea. Examples of these drug s include difenoxin with atropine (Motofen), diphenoxylate witii atropine (Lomotil), and loperamide (Imodium). 

Purgative. Elder increases bile secretions, which causes intestinal peristalsis. Use cautiously as elder leaves can be a very intense way to clean the bowels. Fresh flowers are more purgative than dried ones. Parts used flowers, inner bark, leaves. 

Concurrent colonization by Gram-negative bacilli occurs in some patients with failure of the gastric acid barrier, suggesting additional deficiencies of host defense abnormal oral flora, malnutrition, general illness, or diseases or medication interfering with intestinal peristalsis and clearance. This type of microflora is also seen in 10-30% of patients on acid inhibitors, for which mucosal injury and functional changes related to peptic ulcer and reflux disease may be responsible. 

When intestinal peristalsis and clearance are intact, the bacteria are rapidly transported aborally, and in the mid jejunum bacterial counts are in general low (normal) despite dense gastric colonization. Considerable evidence indicates that bacteria recovered from small bowel under such conditions are transient rather than resident. 

Roily and Liebermeister [95] showed that bacteria introduced into the small bowel disappeared rapidly, without bile, pancreatic, and intestinal juices having antibacterial properties alone or mixed. Later studies, of which those by Dack and Petran [96], Dixon [99] and Dixon and Paulley [100] are of particular importance, provided considerable further evidence that intestinal peristalsis is the main line of defense against bacterial colonization of the small bowel. This was also concluded by Donaldson [101-103] when he reviewed host defense mechanisms in 1964. At that time, however, the insights into small bowel motility were confined to the reflex-mediated peristaltic behavior. 

Pharmacological suppression of intestinal peristalsis in experimental animals leads to bacterial colonization of... 

Histamine (B). Histamine is stored in basophils and tissue mast cells. It plays a role in inflammatory and allergic reactions (p. 72, 326) and produces bronchoconstriction, increased intestinal peristalsis, and dilation and increased permeability of small blood vessels. In the gastric mucosa, it is released from enterochromaffin-like cells and stimulates acid secretion by the parietal cells. In the CNS, it acts as a neuromodulator. Two receptor subtypes (G-pro-tein-coupled), H and H2. are of therapeutic importance both mediate vascular responses. Prejunctional H3 receptors exist in brain and the periphery. 

Laxatives promote and facilitate bowel evacuation by acting locally to stimulate intestinal peristalsis, to soften bowel contents, or both. 

Peristalsis Ondansetron does not stimulate gastric or intestinal peristalsis. Do not use instead of nasogastric suction. Use in abdominal surgery may mask a progressive ileus or gastric distension. 

Muscarinic Receptor Interactions. Excitatory muscarinic effects, such as temporary stimulation of salivation and stimulation of intestinal peristalsis, were seen with 2-PAM. Atropine-like actions were seen at high concentrations (15-20 mg/kg or more), and, when injected rapidly, 2-PAM caused temporary diplopia (nicotinic block) and loss of accommodation in the eye.Both TMB-4 and 2-PAM blocked bradycardia induced by vagal stimulation. At low concentrations, neither compound affected normal intestinal peristalsis, but they did block peristalsis caused by increased vagal stimulation. TMB-4, 2-PAM, and toxogonin antagonized the effect of acetylcholine, acetyl- -methyl-choline, and other agonists on Isolated guinea pig ileum.62... 

Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis rates among one of the more common effects of morphine that are not directly related to its analgesic activity. The finding that meperidine (21-4) shares this effect led to the development of a highly substituted derivative, diphenoxilate (22-3), that also inhibits intestinal motility and thus acts as an antidiarrheal agent. The side chain in (22-3) is prepared by alkylation of the anion from diphenylacetonitrile with 1,2-dibromoethane to give the bromoethyl... 

Poli, E, Pozzoli, C., Bertaccini, G., 1997. Is there a role for histamine H3-receptors in the control of intestinal peristalsis Inflamm. Res. 46 (Suppl. 1), S99-S100. 

Cathartics are drugs that are employed in medicine to facilitate evacuation of the bowels. They may act by irritating the intestines or by augmenting the fluid of the feces. In the first instance, intestinal peristalsis is increased directly, and in the second instance it is increased indirectly by distention of the bowel. They are probably used more than any other class of medicinal compounds. This fact is not an index of their usefulness or value but rather a measure of the misconceptions that exist concerning their worth and the indications for their use. 

Rapid heart rate palpitation marked dryness of mouth dilated pupils some blurring of near vision All the preceding symptoms are more marked difficulty in speaking and swallowing restlessness and fatigue headache dry, hot skin difficulty in micturition reduced intestinal peristalsis Preceding symptoms are more marked pulse rapid and weak iris practically obliterated vision very blurred skin flushed, hot, dry, and scarlet ataxia, restlessness, and excitement hallucinations and delirium coma... 

Cathartic A chemical that stimulates intestinal peristalsis and relieves constipation. 

The vasopressins cause reabsorption of water by increasing renal permeability, thus concentrating the primary urine. If the vasopressin level is too low, the reabsorption of water is no longer ensured, so that large quantities of urine of low specific gravity are excreted (water diuresis = diabetes insipidus). With high doses of vasopressin the blood pressure and the intestinal peristalsis are increased. 

In the colon, semifluid material entering from the small bowel is thickened by absorption of water and salts (from about 1000 ml to 150 ml per day). If, owing to the action of an irritant purgative, the colon empties prematurely, an enteral loss of NaCl, KC1 and water will be incurred. In order to forestall depletion of NaCl and water, the body responds with an increased release of aldosterone (p.168), which stimulates their reabsorption in the kidney. However, the action of aldosterone is associated with increased renal excretion of KC1. The enteral and renal K losses add up to K+ depletion of the body, evidenced by a fall in serum K concentration (hypokalemia). This condition is accompanied by a reduction in intestinal peristalsis (bowel atonia). The affected individual infers constipation and again partakes of the purgative, and the vicious circle is closed. 

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