Ethanol gasoline with

In 1997, at the United Nations Conference on Climate Change, the major industrial nations agreed to expand their research efforts to develop renewable sources of carbon-based fuels. For more than a decade, Brazil has been engaged in a program to replace gasoline with ethanol derived from the root crop manioc (cassava). 

Replacement of Gasoline With Ethanol Lower Average Octane Number of Gasoline 3% More Miles/Gallon with Gasohol Crude Oil Savings... 

An officer submitting fire debris requests that you analyze it for the presence of gasoline with ethanol. Would you use GCFID or CCMS ... 

Capacity Limitations and Biofuels Markets. Large biofuels markets exist (130—133), eg, production of fermentation ethanol for use as a gasoline extender (see Alcohol fuels). Even with existing (1987) and planned additions to ethanol plant capacities, less than 10% of gasoline sales could be satisfied with ethanol—gasoline blends of 10 vol % ethanol the maximum volumetric displacement of gasoline possible is about 1%. The same condition apphes to methanol and alcohol derivatives, ie, methyl-/-butyl ether [1634-04-4] and ethyl-/-butyl ether. 

The term gasohol has come into wide usage to identify, generally, a blend of gasoline and ethanol, with the latter derived from grain. The term may also be appHed to blends of methanol or other alcohols in gasolines or other hydrocarbons, without regard to sources of components. 

Ethyl Chloride. Previously a significant use for industrial ethanol was the synthesis of ethyl chloride [75-00-3] for use as an intermediate in producing tetraethyllead, an antiknock gasoline additive. Ethanol is converted to ethyl chloride by reaction with hydrochloric acid in the presence of aluminum or zinc chlorides. However, since about 1960, routes based on the direct addition of hydrochloric acid to ethylene or ethane have become more competitive (374,375). 

J. J. Mooney, J. G. Hansel, and K. R. Bums, Three-Waj Conversion Catalysts on Vehicles Fueled with Ethanol-Gasoline Mexuture, SAE 790428, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1979. 

Oxygenates were recovered from the Fischer-Tropsch aqueous product, employing a separation strategy similar to that in the Sasol 1 refinery. The main difference was in volume, and this made further separation of the different alcohols and carbonyl compounds worthwhile. Some of the ethanol served as a blending component in motor gasoline, with the final blend containing around 10% ethanol.38 Most of the alcohols and carbonyl compounds were sold as chemicals. In addition to the oxygenates, the C2 hydrocarbons were also recovered and sold. 

For the calculation of WTW energy requirements and GHG emissions we have made the simplification that the fuel consumption of a vehicle fuelled with ethanol (e.g., E85) is the same as that of a vehicle fuelled with pure gasoline. Methanol is used in fuel cell vehicles with on-board fuel processors. Table 7.2 shows the properties of different transportation fuels. 

Ethanol forms an azeotrope containing 5 wt % water. In older installations, dissolved salts were employed to break the azeotrope. Typical data are in Figure 13.28(c). Several substances form ternary azeotropes with ethanol and water, including benzene, gasoline, and trichlorethylene. The first is not satisfactory because of slight decomposition under distillation conditions. A flowsketeh of a... 

The fuel lines onboard flexible fuel vehicles using ethanol will typically be designed to accommodate methanol fuels and should be more than adequate for ethanol. Most fuel system components designed for gasoline are likely also to be compatible with ethanol. In a test of a 1994 model fuel injected vehicle, only slight stiffening of the fuel line was observed [3.11]. No other materials compatibility problems were observed in the fuel system. 

Little is known about fuel transfer hose compatibility with ethanol. Some of the hoses used for gasoline may be adequate. Experience has demonstrated that dispensing hose made for gasoline will tolerate gasoline that has 10 volume percent ethanol [3.10]. Suppliers of fuel hose should be consulted when choosing hose that will be used for transferring ethanol. 

Ethanol is more aggressive to most elastomers than gasoline. The elastomer least affected by ethanol is teflon, though elastomers with high fluorine content have been demonstrated to be acceptable. Other elastomers can be used with ethanol if they have been proven to be compatible. 

Since the vapor space in ethanol tanks will be flammable more frequently than for gasoline (neat ethanol only—E85 should not present a difference in comparison to gasoline), flame arresters are recommended in the vent line from the tank. Most conservation vents can be ordered with flame arresters built in, or they can be added to the vent line in addition. Unlike methanol, conservation vents made from aluminum should not experience corrosion from ethanol vapors and should be acceptable. 

Unlike dispensing hoses, nozzles made for gasoline may be compatible with ethanol fuel. The metals contained in dispensing nozzles should all be compatible with ethanol, but it is not guaranteed that all the elastomers will be. Consult the nozzle manufacturer to obtain their recommendation. 

Passive types of leak detection such as observation wells and collection sumps where product is collected and analyzed directly should work effectively with ethanol. Active leak detection systems that rely on thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity sensors will not work with ethanol because its properties are so different from gasoline. Another type of active leak detection system that will work with ethanol or any other type of fuel relies on changes in impedance in a sensor wire as it becomes wetted with the fuel [4.5]. These leak detection systems also have the advantage that they can pinpoint the location of the leak along the length of the sensor wire. 

Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE) An aliphatic ether similar to MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether). This fuel oxygenate is manufactured by reacting isobutylene with ethanol. Having high octane and low volatility characteristics, ETBE can be added to gasoline up to a level of approximately 17% by volume. ETBE is not yet commercially available. 

Flexible-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) Vehicles with a common fuel tank designed to run on varying blends of unleaded gasoline with either ethanol or methanol. 

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