Antiknock additive to gasoline

Lead Tetraethyl (Tetraethyl lead, Lead Tetraethide, Tetraethyl Plumbane). Pb(C2Hs)4, mw 323.45, colorless liq, fr p -136°, bp about 200°, also stated as 227.7° with decompn, d 1.653g/cc at 20° insol in w si sol in ale, sol in benz and eth. May be prepd by die action of Pb chloride on Zn ethyl or on a Grignard reag. Used extensively as an antiknock addition to gasoline, and has been proposed by Fr investigators as a flash reducer in proplnts (Ref 2)... 

This metal becomes a pollutant when released into aqueous streams from metal treatment and recovery plants (e.g., lead-using battery manufacturers). In industrialized nations, until the 1970s, a major source of air pollution was lead emission from the tetraethyllead antiknock additives to gasoline this is. still a problem in many underdeveloped nations. Once ingested, lead readily forms complexes with enzymatic oxo groups in the organism, thus interfering with all the steps in haemo... 

A case where the principal would have paid off had it been applied is in the case of antiknock additives in gasoline. General Motors researchers back in the 1920s discovered both tetraethyl lead and ethanol to be effective antiknock additives to gasoline. The consensus finding within GM was... 

Dicyclopentadienyliron finds limited application as a catalyst. It was used earlier as an antiknock additive for gasoline. The complex also is used to synthesize other metal jr-complexes and their derivatives. 

The extensive use of lead antiknock additives in gasoline has made lead perhaps the most widely distributed toxic heavy metal in the urban environment and has greatly increased its availability for solution in natural waters. It is important for this reason to know whether its introduction into surface and ground waters by rainfall and runoff will make it available for solution or whether chemical processes will place a safe upper limit on its solubility. 

Bromine, Br2, is used to make ethylene bromide, which is an antiknock additive in gasoline. The Bt2 molecules have nonpolar covalent bonds between the atoms, so we expect isolated Bt2 molecules to be nonpolar. Despite the nonpolar character of isolated Bt2 molecules, attractions form between bromine molecules that are strong enough to hold the particles in the liquid form at room temperature and pressure. What is the nature of these attractions How do they arise Describe what you would see if you were small enough to ride on a Br2 molecule in liquid bromine. 

Figure 26. Speciation of lead in a soil affected by alkyllead compounds used as antiknock additives in gasoline. The soil EXAFS spectrum (solid) is compared to model spectra from a library of lead compounds. This comparison identifies salicylate and catechol functional groups as the predominant complexing chelates for divalent Pb. Adapted from Manceau et al. (1996). Figure continued on facing page.)...

Researchers used a combustion method to analyze a compound used as an antiknock additive in gasoline. A 9.394-mg sample of the compound yielded 31.154 mg of carbon dioxide and 7.977 mg of water in the combustion. 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Storage Heat-sensitive Uses Catalyst in rocket propellants and petroleum fuels antiknock additive for gasoline photoinitiator... 

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