Gasoline combustion process

Alkyl lead compounds are extremely effective gasoline antiknock agents. By decomposing to form lead oxide compounds during the gasoline combustion process, lead alkyls interrupt the rapid chain scission reactions which lead to combustion knock. Also, lead alkyls help to prevent exhaust valve seat wear and may minimize octane requirement increase. However, unless utilized in conjunction with lead scavengers such as 1,2-dichloromethane, lead deposits can accumulate within the gasoline combustion chamber. 

Carbon monoxide is the chief waste product of the gasoline combustion process. Auto manufacturers use catalytic converters to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide ... 

A substantial portion of fhe gas and vapors emitted to the atmosphere in appreciable quantity from anthropogenic sources tends to be relatively simple in chemical structure carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxide from combustion processes hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride from industrial processes. The solvents and gasoline fractions that evaporate are alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics with relatively simple structures. In addition, more complex... 

Solntsev, V. P. 1961. Influence of turbulence parameters on the combustion process of homogeneous gasoline-air mixture behind a stabilizer under conditions of confined flow. In Flame stabilization and the development of combustion in turbulent How. Ed. G. N. Gorbunov. Moscow Oborongiz. 75. 

Volatility is important to consider when discussing the combustibility of gasoline and the burning quality of kerosene. Gasoline volatility is crucial to the combustion process. In order to initiate and ensure smooth combustion of gasoline, volatile compounds such as low-molecular-weight branched paraffins and aromatics must... 

Aromatic compounds are formed to some extent in most combustion processes in addition they are added in considerable quantities to unleaded gasolines in order to increase the octane number and prevent knock in engines. Aromatic species are of environmental concern, both because they are harmful to the environment and because they are important precursors to dioxins and soot. 

The release of PCDD/PCDF from transport activities was estimated to be very minimal and not reported for uncontrolled combustion processes (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004). In the Department of Environment Malaysia 1997 report, the major sources of air pollution in 1996 were motor vehicles, 82%, power stations, 9%, industrial fuel burning, 5%, industrial production processes, 3%, domestic and commercial furnaces, 0.2%, and open burning at solid waste disposal sites, 0.8% (Afroz et al., 2003). Leaded gasoline has been phased out since 1998 and most cars have been fitted with catalytic converters since then. Consequently, a minimal release of PCDD/PCDF is expected from motor vehicles that are mainly from diesel-powered vehicles. The released air pollutions monitored were CO, N02, S02, 03, and suspended particulate matters. 

CDDs are released into the air in emissions from municipal solid waste and industrial incinerators. Exhaust from vehicles powered with leaded and unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel also release CDDs to the air. Other sources of CDDs in air include emissions from oil- or coal-fired power plants, burning of chlorinated compounds such as PCBs, and cigarette smoke. CDDs formed during combustion processes are associated with small particles in the air, such as ash. The larger particles will be deposited close to the emission source, while very small particles may be... 

Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, referred to as nitro-aromatic compounds hereafter, constitute one of the most troubling classes of environmental pollutants. They are derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that contain two or more fused aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one nitro group (Fig. 10.1). Concern about these compounds arises partly from their ubiquity nitro-aromatic compounds are released to the environment directly from a variety of incomplete combustion processes [1] and are also formed in situ by atmospheric reactions of PAHs [2]. Nitro-aromatic compounds have been found in grilled food in diesel, gasoline, and wood-smoke emissions and are commonly found in atmospheric particulate matter, natural waters, and sediment [3-8],... 

Hybrids of electric and combustion processes could also be used. Currently, hybrid electric vehicle technology combines the combustion of petroleum products (gasoline or diesel), over a wide range of degrees of hybridization, with electric motors for propulsion. Hybrids could be created for any of the other fuels. Hybrids of fuel cells and batteries are under consideration today. 

Gasoline engines always operate with an air deficit. As a direct result of this deficit, the combustion process in gasoline engines can not possibly go to completion a significant proportion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide will always be formed. 

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