Combustion gasoline

Alkyl lead compounds are extremely effective gasoline antiknock agents. By decomposing to form lead oxide compounds during the gasoline combustion process, lead alkyls interrupt the rapid chain scission reactions which lead to combustion knock. Also, lead alkyls help to prevent exhaust valve seat wear and may minimize octane requirement increase. However, unless utilized in conjunction with lead scavengers such as 1,2-dichloromethane, lead deposits can accumulate within the gasoline combustion chamber. 

Prior to the introduction of unleaded fuels, gasoline combustion in motor vehicles was by far the greatest... 

Hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons Paints, adhesives, gasoline, combustion products, floor waxes... 

Viscosity is relatively higher in good solvents and lower in poor solvents. Polyisobutylene is used as an additive for motor oils. The oil is a poor solvent for the polymer at room temperature but becomes a good solvent at the operating temperatures of the gasoline combustion engine. Thus although the viscosity of an untreated 10-40 motor oil decreases as the temperature increases, the decrease is counteracted when polyisobutylene is present. Only traces (1-2%) of polyisobutylene are required to achieve the desired viscosity. 

It is apparent that these "fingerprint techniques relating particle sizes as well as concentration data to source components need further refining. However, it should be possible eventually to identify the origin of airborne particles provided suflBcient chemical data become available. Recently, lead isotopic ratios have been used to estimate the contribution of blood lead levels originating from gasoline combustion. Perhaps this approach can be further refined to better characterize the sources of other airborne metals. 

Methyl tert-butyl ether, MTBE, and ethyl tert-butyl ether, ETBE, are added to gasoline in order to increase the efficiency of gasoline combustion, which reduces the quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that escape into the atmosphere and cause smog. The chemical industry is very interested in using MTBE as a substitute for THF and diethyl ether, because autoxidation of THF and diethyl ether is a major safety problem for chemical companies. The industry is less interested in ETBE as a solvent substitute. 

Lead (Pb) is one of the ancient metals and has been used by humans for several thousand years. Lead plays an important role in the economy of all industrialized countries in the world. In the U.S., the industrial consumption of Pb is estimated to be about 1.3 million tons per year, with a concomitant annual emission of about 600,000 tons of Pb into the environment (NAS 1980). Additional amounts are added through mining, smelting, manufacturing, disposal, and recycling processes. Furthermore, until recently, huge amounts of Pb and its compounds had been emitted into the atmosphere as a result of leaded gasoline combustion. Consequently, lead is ubiquitous in our environment. 

Calculate the volume of gasoline (gal/yr) that is discharged to the atmosphere because of incomplete combustion. The gasoline combustion efficiency is given as 99% the unbumed gasoline is therefore 1%. 

Properties White, crystalline solid. Mp 53C, bp 150-155C (4 mm Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, carbon tetrachloride, warm benzene insoluble in gasoline. Combustible. 

Properties Yellow powder. D 1.40, mp 104-107C. Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichloride insoluble in water and gasoline. Combustible. Use Ultraaccelerator for rubber, fungicide, insecticide. 

Properties Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.79-0.80 (20C), triamylamine content at least 98.0%, 95% boils between 225 and 260C, flash p 215F (101.6C), refr index 1.4374 (18C). Insoluble in water soluble in gasoline. Combustible. 

Properties Colorless liquid. D 0.9260 (20/20C), fp -90C (sets to a glass), pour p -74C, mid-boiling p 216C (4 mm Hg), refr index 1.441 (25C), flash p 420F (215.5C). Insoluble in water soluble in mineral oil and gasoline. Combustible. 

Catalytic converters help break down pollutants that result from gasoline combustion and are required in automobiles in the United States. Most catalytic converters contain a platinum-rhodimn catalyst that coats the extensive surface of a honeycomb structure in the converter. Why would having the catalyst spread out over a large surface area be useful ... 

The ratio of anthropogenic emissions to total natural emissions is highest for the atmophilic elements Sn, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Hg, and Pb (Lantzy and Mackenzie, 1979). In the case of lead, atmospheric concentrations are primarily the consequence of leaded gasoline combustion. Atmospheric fluxes of lead in the USA rose steadily from... 

When hydrocarbons such as octane are burned, the release of energy is accompanied by the conversion of highly ordered reactant molecules into relatively disorganized gaseous products such as CO, and H20. Unfortunately, gasoline combustion is inefficient that is, other substances such as the poisonous molecule carbon monoxide (CO) that pollute the environment are also released. 

It was present in many pesticide formulations, notably 2,4,5-T, but is today mostly produced by natural processes, garbage incineration, gasoline combustion, cigarette smoking, forest fires, and so forth. 

This is a large number for one gram of material. One gram of uranium fission supplies more energy than 500 gallons of gasoline combustion or 10000 kg of exploding TNT. 

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