Gas stove

This category comprises conventional LPG (commercial propane and butane), home-heating oil and heavy fuels. All these materials are used to produce thermal energy in equipment whose size varies widely from small heaters or gas stoves to refinery furnaces. Without describing the requirements in detail for each combustion system, we will give the main specifications for each of the different petroleum fuels. 

Exposure assessment techniques now attempt to include as many as possible of the locations in which individuals now spend time. The concept involves identification of microenvironments which are important for potential exposure. For example, exposure to CO would include time spent in commuting, parking garages, in residences with gas stoves, as well as time spent outdoors. This approach classifies time spent in these microenvironments and the typical concentrations of CO in these locations. 

We prepared the film for catalyst application by dipping it in six different heated solutions in glass beakers. The solutions were all held at 80°C (176°F) by immersing the beakers in a heated pan of water on top of two gas stove burners as shown above right. 

We used a Taylor candy thermometer for controlling the beaker bath temperature, and adjusted the gas stove burner controls as needed. From time to time, more water had to be added to the bath surrounding the beakers, due to evaporation. 

The kitchen has an ancient bottled-gas stove, a Formica table with an oil lamp on it and a scatter of jewelry tools and materials, a tiled fireplace laid ready with raw-smelling coal, and a beautiful inlaid Queen Anne wall clock tocking away in the corner, showing the phases of the moon and the movement of the sun through the zodiac. As I head out of the back door and find the privy, a black shadow of a cat with blue eyes slips past my legs and away like warm smoke. 

Indoor radon in most houses come primarily from soil gas infiltrating into the house because of pressure-driven flow. The radon decays into a series of decay products to which most of the health effects are attributed. These decay products begin attached to ultrafine particles that either plateout on surfaces such as walls, furniture, etc., or become attached to larger particles that are present in the indoor air. The nature of those particles depends on the kinds of sources that exist in the house such as smokers, gas stoves, etc. 

Two years later I bought a stationary trailer, like a small mobile home. I thought that if I bought a new trailer I wouldn t have mold problems I didn t think about the formaldehyde and what it would do to my health. Even though I bought two fans and put them in the windows to pull the air out, I had bronchitis really bad by that evening. I had to disconnect the gas stove and central heat. I cook on a hot plate, which isn t much fun. 

Right now I m especially reactive to cleaners and dish soaps. I had a dish soap that I tolerated for a few months, and now I ve lost that. I m still reactive to normal water, so I can t eat in restaurants because the food is cooked in water—and most restaurants have gas stoves, and I m not very tolerant of gas. I have a stainless steel distiller I transport around with me. We have a little trailer, and I have to travel with my distiller and a two-burner electric stove. The trailer has a gas stove, which we don t use, and it has a rubberized liner which caused problems for me so we ve sealed it the best we can. We can t park in the sun because heat bakes the rubber and causes it to off-gas fumes that make me sick. 

The most common source of nitrogen oxides, therefore, is high-temperature combustion processes, such as those that take place in automobiles and trucks, in electrical power generating plants, and in industrial processes. Residential sources, such as gas stoves and home heaters, are also responsible for the release of significant amounts of NO into the atmosphere. At the end of the 20th century, the EPA reported that motor vehicles were responsible for 49 percent of all NO released into the atmosphere in the United States ... 

A number of studies have documented that concentrations of some of the directly emitted species found in outdoor atmospheres can be quite high indoors if there are emission sources present such as combustion heaters, gas stoves, or tobacco smoke. In addition, there is evidence for chemistry analogous to that occurring outdoors taking place in indoor air environments, with modifications for different light intensities and wavelength distributions, shorter residence times, and different relative concentrations of reactants. In Chapter 15, we briefly summarize what is known about the chemical composition and chemistry of indoor atmospheres. 

Again, the use of gas stoves was highly correlated with indoor N02, with an indoor/outdoor concentration ratio of 1.19 for homes with a gas range compared to 0.69 for those without a gas stove. The ratio was even higher for homes with a kerosene space heater, 2.3 compared to 0.85 without such a heater (Levy et al., 1998). Both the indoor and outdoor concentrations of N02 were higher in cities where at least 15% of the homes had gas stoves for example, the mean outdoor N02 concentration in such gas-intensive cities was 38 + 20 ppb, compared to 14 + 6 ppb in cities where fewer than 25% of the households had gas ranges. 

Subsequently, it was shown that HONO is also directly emitted by gas stoves (Pitts et al., 1989). For example, Fig. 15.6 shows the concentrations of N02 and HONO measured using DOAS when two top burners of a new, residential gas kitchen stove were turned on in a mobile home with both the central ventilation and air conditioning running. N02 from the gas stove emissions reached almost 300 ppb, and HONO about... 

As for NO, combustion sources such as gas stoves and kerosene heaters can be significant sources of indoor CO. Figure 15.7, for example, shows measured... 

FIGURE 15.11 Concentrations of HCHO, HCOOH, and CH3OH measured using long-path FTIR in a mobile home as a function of temperature. Although the gas stove burners were on, these were shown in separate experiments not to be the source of these organics (adapted from Pitts et al., 1989.)... 

FIGURE 15.13 Measured concentrations of outdoor 03 and indoor Oj with and without a gas stove on horizontal bars, outdoor 03 solid squares, indoor 03 (adapted from Zhang and Lioy, 1994). 

A similar titration effect has been observed inside homes where there are combustion sources of NO. Figure 15.13 shows measured outdoor and indoor levels of 03 in one study with a gas stove turned on or off. Although the outdoor concentration remained relatively constant, the indoor levels were much lower when the gas stove was on compared to when it was off. Although N02 was not reported in this study, its levels presumably rose when the stove was on as the 03 reacted with NO to form N02. 

Kerosene heaters can be significant sources of particles under some circumstances. For example, kerosene heaters were reported to contribute to indoor PM2 5 in homes in Suffolk County, New York, but not Onondaga County wood stoves and fireplaces and gas stoves did not contribute in either case (Koutrakis et al., 1992 Wallace, 1996). A similar conclusion was reached in a study of eight mobile homes in North Carolina (Mum-ford et al., 1991). 

This activity is for those of you with access to a gas stove. Place a large pot of cool water on top of the stove, and set the bumeT on high. What product from the combustion of the natural gas do you see con-... 

The application of semiconductor gas sensors (mainly the Sn02 sensor) is ever expanding into various fields, domestic and industrial, as shown in Figure 3. Examples are the CO selective sensor and combustion monitor sensor, which are applicable to micro wave ovens or ventilation fans, kerosene or gas stoves, hot water supply systems, and so on. 

Cooking constitutes a source of VOCs in the indoor environment Food stuffs and fuels emit ample amounts of VOCs. For example, up to 54 hydrocarbons were identified from a study of 16 fuels/ stoves combinations that are usually used in urban and rural settings in China (Tsai et al., 2003). The worst stove/fuel VOC emitters include metal stoves with a flue/unprocessed coal powder, metal stoves with a flue/washed coal powder, brick stove with a flue/maize residue while the least emitters ofVOCs are traditional gas stove/coal gas fuel, improved brick stove with a flue/maize residue and metal coal stove with a flue/honeycomb coal briquette. Many of the compounds emitted in substantial amounts are reactive unsaturated compounds such as benzene, ethylene, acetylene, and propene. For example, up to 2856 mg of ethylene was emitted by per kg of coal powder in the metal stove. Similarly, the observation of elevated levels of benzene and toluene in a food-court in South China has been rationalized in terms of emission from liquefied petrol gas (LPG) stoves (Tang et al., 2005). Thus, cooking is an important contributor of precursors of photochemical smog. 

The kitchen is perhaps the most obvious place in a home where phase changes are put to work. The refrigerator, gas stove, and the process of cooking all use phase changes for many purposes. 

I didn t put any of this together until a friend came over and told me my gas stove made her sick. She said she was chemically sensitive. Her symptoms sounded so much like mine that I went to her doctor, a clinical ecologist. Test results showed I had abnormal levels of chemical substances in my blood. Somehow these chemicals got inside me and were now affecting my immune system. That s when I was told I had Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and now, like so many others, my lifestyle was to completely change. Thus began my long journey. 

A word version of this equation states that methane (CH4) plus oxygen (02) makes carbon dioxide (C02) and water (H20). This is the reaction that takes place when the burner of a gas stove is turned on. 

In the absence of sufficient oxygen, carbon-containing compounds undergo incomplete combustion, leading to the formation of carbon monoxide, CO, and water. Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas. You should always make sure that sufficient oxygen is present in your indoor environment for your gas furnace, gas stove, or fireplace. 

Aduh asthma patients Inhalation >0.3 ppm Cooking on gas stove Slight decreases in FEV, and peak expiratory flow. Goldstein et al. 1988... 

Gather these materials A rather large plumber s candle an alcohol burner and a 10-inch piece of glass tubing drawn out to a fine nozzle at one end. Obtain your mother s permission to use the gas stove. If your family doesn t have a gas stove, you will have to omit the parts of the experiment that require it. 

The hottest part of any flame is directly above the inner cone. Can you guess why When the flame of a hydrocarbon is yellow, or when the inner cone is very large in comparison with the outer one, the fuel is not being completely burned. This means waste, and waste is expensive. This would be a good time to check your gas stove and ask your parents to have it fixed if it is burning yellow. 

With the energy provided by sunlight, plants build up their own tissues out of minerals and water from the earth and from carbon dioxide from the air. These decayed plant tissues in sunken forests become coal deposits, and the elements which they contained pass into the coal. Coal is basically carbon, and without the additional elements from the plant tissues it would be pure carbon. When you heated the coal, these other elements were forced out of the tube through the nozzle in the form of a gaseous mixture. This is one of several gaseous mixtures used in gas stoves. When an industrial company manufactures gas like this, it passes steam over the hot coal to make the process more efficient. The remaining coal is also sold as coke. 

Most health effects associated with nitrogen oxides (NOjc) are attributed to nitrogen dioxide. The main source of NOx in homes can be traced to gas stoves and heaters, where combustion takes place to produce heat. The combustion first produces NO, which then oxidizes rapidly to N02. High levels of N02 (approximately 150 ppm) can be lethal, while concentrations in the range of 50-150 ppm can produce lung disease. Lower concentrations may lead to eye, nose, and throat irritation. 

Heating oil or gas stoves (150-200 stoves/ha) can be used for heating, thus reducing the effect of frost. 

The kitchen is at one end of the twenty- by sixty-foot building, which is all open inside except for a small sleeping loft at the end opposite e kitchen. It is bare compared with a normal home kitchen. The gas stove is an antique, a little corroded and rusty. 

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