Future developments activity

As part of the preformulation activities, investigations include physiochemical character, purity, solubility, stability, and optimal pH studies. In preparation for clinical studies, potential product formulations considering route of administration and solution stability are also studied. Unique to dosage form development studies for lyophilized products, thermal analysis of the drug substance and product formulations are also necessary. Data generated during this phase of product development is useful for future development activities, along with validation. 

Power densities in excess of FreedomCAR targets, fuel flexibility, greater than 1000-hour reactor and catalyst life, and less than 5 second transient response have been demonstrated in a microchannel-based steam reformer. Future development activities will focus on rapid startup and improving specific power. 

Dr. Woodward I tried to indicate in my paper that in ammonia-hydrogen plant operation, in comparison with several other catalysts in such plants, the methanation catalyst situation is really well under control. Speaking for our company, and I would guess others, it s not a particularly active research area because we have higher priorities in catalyst development. As regards methanation catalysts for SNG, I did not discuss that today and perhaps I should let some other fellows answer first. Sulfur tolerance is one area for future development. 

AS of this writing, 100% inspection by NAA of small arms primers in an actual production loading plant has not been implemented, nor is it contemplated in the near future. Technical problems exist related to coupling the present state-of-the-art nuclear components with the high production rates for the primers, namely, tens of units per sec per automatic loading line. The high intensity of the neutron source and the complexity of the detection system required detracts from the utility of the method in a plant environment where simplicity and safety of operation are of paramount importance. Nevertheless, the technical feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by the AMMRC study and future developments in nuclear activation hardware may ultimately make this non-destructive inspection for production primers more viable... 

Performance requirements, environmental issues, and avaUabUity/cost of the material will mainly drive material requirement in the future. In order to face the huge tire wastage problem causing major hazards to the environment, future development in mbbery materials will be focused on development of thermoplastic polymer so that used polymer could be recovered by thermal treatment and separation, biological degradation by radiation/addition of chemical into the mbber compound that could be activated by exposure to radiation and development of biopolymer. 

Abstract In this paper the synthesis, properties and applications of poly(organophos-phazenes) have been highlighted. Five different classes of macromolecules have been described, i.e. phosphazene fluoroelastomers, aryloxy-substituted polymeric flame-retardants, alkoxy-substituted phosphazene electric conductors, biomaterials and photo-inert and/or photo-active phosphazene derivatives. Perspectives of future developments in this field are briefly discussed. 

A series of novel l-substituted-4-phenyl-l,2,3-triazolo(4,3-a)quinazolin-5(4H)-ones 1 were synthesized by the cyclization of 2-hydrazino-3-phenyl-quinazolin-4(3H) 2 with various one carbon donors. The starting material 2-hydrazino-3-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one 2, was synthesized from aniline 7 by a novel innovative route. When tested for their in vivo Hi-antihistaminic activity on conscious guinea pigs all the test compounds protected the animals from histamine-induced bronchospasm significantly, whereas the compound l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3-triazolo(4,3-a)quinazolin-5(4H)-one lb (percentage protection 70.7%) was found to be equipotent with the reference standard chlorpheniramine maleate (percentage protection 71%). These compounds show negligible sedation (5%) when compared to the reference standard (26%). Hence they could serve as prototype molecules for future development [1,4,5]. 

There are a number of trends that will continue to influence future RM activity and a number of areas which are not yet very significant that will become more so. One important source of information on developments in the area of RMs is the series of International Symposia on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM), organization of which was described in Chapter 8. The Proceedings of these successive BERM Symposia have given a series of detailed snapshots of activity on a 2-3 year cycle over nearly two decades (BRM-i 1985 - BERM-7 99 )- Most of the information and projections in this Chapter are taken from various papers published in these BERM proceedings. 

Organometallic chemistry is a very large and active field of research and new compounds, reactions, and useful catalysts are being discovered at a rapid rate. These developments have had a major impact on organic synthesis and future developments can be expected. 

Nowadays, best practice is to combine both modelling and analysis of chemicals for an appropriate assessment of chemical exposure in environmental scenarios. Future research activities should focus on the development of reliable analytical methods at trace level concentrations. 

As such, there is a need to conduct in-depth research and development activities on homestead agroforestry in special consideration of the smallest resource bases (micro-sites) of the subsistence farmers in order to work out different options and to facilitate more optimum use of the available resources of the poor farmer for meeting the future challenges. However, the challenges remain for the researchers, academics, and development agencies on how to address the demand-led diversified needs and aspirations of the millions of individual farmers dealing with the homestead agroforestry. 

One phase, cheap and simple active materials, with concurrent optimization of optical and electrolysis yields, are needed. The evolution of 02 is the key process of a true catalytic system. Few catalysts can decompose water into H2 and 02 in a stoichiometric amount under solar light without the presence of a sacrificial scavenger. Probably, a single catalyst having all the required features does not exist. However, fundamental knowledge as to how some materials are able to carry out water photolysis is quite important for future developments. 

After studying all of the information developed to date, some conclusions can be drawn which will guide future ACS activity. While the conclusions which I present are my personal views, I believe the joint subcommittee members share them, perhaps with minor differences of opinion. 

Figure 10.10 Stability studies analysis by LC-MS. Long-term stability studies (3 months, 30°C) are evaluated by LC-MS analysis of a C-terminal peptide fragment. Various degradation mechanisms are visualized, removal of C-terminal residues due to proteolytic activities, isomerization and deamidation of specific asparagine residues. Future development efforts will allow the use of this methodology to assess progress toward a stable formulation.

Method qualification is based on ICH method validation guidelines. Method type (purity or identity) will dictate the level of qualification testing necessary. Several strategies for method qualification and validation exist and are based on needs, resources available, and the project timeframe. One approach is to perform minimal development and qualification, which may be necessary for projects with shorter timelines, but it may place more burden and risk on future validation activities for robustness testing, and can result in failure. As discussed in Chapter 4, an alternate approach would invest more time and resources into method development, followed by extensive qualification and robusmess testing to determine if further development is... 

The book concludes by providing an outlook on possible future development in this field. Researchers and practitioners engaged in active work on synthetic or mechanistic organic chemistry and its practical applications will find this text to be invaluable in both its scope and its depth. ... 

---