11-Year cycle

Increased production of oxides of nitrogen through solar proton events associated with the 11-year cycle in solar activity would be expected to be most important in the upper stratosphere, above the region where the majority of the ozone depletion was observed in addition, lower, rather than higher, concentrations of gas-phase oxides of nitrogen appear to be associated with the ozone depletion (e.g., see Noxon, 1978 McKenzie and Johnston, 1984 Thomas et al., 1988 Keys and Gardiner, 1991 and Solomon and Keys, 1992). Hence both of these explanations are not consistent with atmospheric observations. 

FIGURE 14.54 Annual average number of sunspots from 1880 to 2000, showing the 11-year cycle (adapted from diver et al., 1998). 

The change in extra-atmospheric solar radiation is a climate-forming factor that should be considered. The contribution of such a change to RF since 1750 might be as much as 20% compared with the contribution of C02. This is mainly explained by enhanced extra-atmospheric insolation in the second half of the 20th century (consideration of the 11-year cycle of insolation is vital here). However, the mechanisms that underly the impact of solar activity on climate are still far from being understood. Nonetheless, IPCC (2007) contains some conclusions and estimates. 

Bob nods. Humans didn t discover solar flares until 1858. It was at this time that scientists were studying sunspots and suddenly saw a large flare of white light. In fact, solar flares occur near sunspots, and the number of solar flares rises and falls with the 11 year cycle of sunspots that I told you about. Solar flares appear to be triggered by strong magnetic fields. 18... 

Solar constant. This does not change much (less than 2%). Most of the change is due to sunspots, which change on an 11-year cycle. Generally, this factor is ignored by policy wonks, in part, because we cannot do anything about it. 

Some of the first telescopic observations were made by Galileo in 1611, and he immediately noted the presence of dark blemishes on the Sun s surface these were the now well-known sunspots. (Several of Galileo s contemporaries saw sunspots as well, but Galileo is the most famous and usually gets the credit for discovering sunspots.) Today we know that the number of sunspots rises and falls in a roughly 11-year cycle this is one of the most obvious manifestations of the solar activity cycle. 

Long-term variations, particularly those over the 11-year cycle of sunspot activity and perhaps the 22-year magnetic field cycle. 

For a daily cycle, collect samples at least every 12 h, and samples should be collected at least every six months for a yearly cycle more frequent sampling would be even better. 

The entire quality system shall be assessed at a minimum of once every three years. The audit plan for a supplier has to cover all requirements, all sites, all locations, all operations, all functions, all customers, all processes, all procedures at least once in a three-year cycle, unless it is an upgrade certification (see clause 4.6). Hence the sample of operations taken on each audit has to cover at least Veth of the whole. 

It is permissible for each surveillance audit to re-examine part of the system so that the equivalent of a total assessment is completed within each three-year cycle. 

This requirement also implies that a repeat certification audit does not have to be performed once every three years if it can be demonstrated that the whole system has been audited within the three-year cycle. 

For consistency at least one auditor of the initial audit team should participate in all visits of a three-year cycle. By using the word should, the requirement is rendered non-mandatory and hence acknowledges that people may leave CBs. 

Procedures will contain many provisions, not all of which may be susceptible to verification at the time of the audit. This may be due either to time constraints or to work for which the provisions apply not being scheduled. It is therefore necessary to record which aspects have or have not been audited and engineer the program so that over a one to three year cycle all procedures and all requirements are audited in all areas at least once. 

Once we had provided the background data up to 1976, it seemed logical to keep the series current by adding discussion of newer agents. Reports of drugs for new indications as well as the occurrence of brand-new structural types as drugs made it particularly important to update the existing volumes. The five-year cycle for preparation of new volumes represents a compromise between timeliness and comprehensiveness. A shorter period would date earlier entries. This volume thus covers compounds reported up to 1982. 

There are a number of trends that will continue to influence future RM activity and a number of areas which are not yet very significant that will become more so. One important source of information on developments in the area of RMs is the series of International Symposia on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM), organization of which was described in Chapter 8. The Proceedings of these successive BERM Symposia have given a series of detailed snapshots of activity on a 2-3 year cycle over nearly two decades (BRM-i 1985 - BERM-7 99 )- Most of the information and projections in this Chapter are taken from various papers published in these BERM proceedings. 

Planned shut-down hours HPshut, Vr e R, t e T measured in hours relate to planned maintenance shut-downs occurring in regular yearly cycles and can take days or weeks. The idle status of the resource and the required change-over towards and back from the idle status has to be planned. 

Key deliverables are capital project reviews new production leader reviews existing facility hazard reviews on a 3- to 5-year cycle research facility reviews and a formal training and awareness program. 

Greater cycle lengths are also on the horizon. Where one-year cycle lengths between regenerations were typical for the early generations of EB isomerization catalysts, customers now expect two-year life as a minimum, and the demand for... 

Inspection of the residuals in Figure 10.12 suggest a longer term (perhaps a yearly) cycle in the data an additional term with a period of approximately 261 days might be added to the model. 

The catalyst must be designed to handle the abrasive environment where catalyst hnes are always present in the flue gas yet still perform with a low pressure drop typically below 5 inches of water column. It must also maintain activity continuously for a 5 year cycle, yet be selective enough to limit undesirable reactions like SO2 oxidation. The catalyst must also be able to withstand periodic blasts of steam or pressurized air coming from the soot blower system found in many of the newer FCCU SCR units. 

SCR reactor or installed parallel reactors in a wish-bone design. This was required to meet reliability reqnirements for a 5-year cycle and provide redundancy for any pressnre drop concerns. Both designs are shown in Figures 17.12 and 17.13. 

Dukes persuaded Elsevier that the published literature was too large to be comfortably encompassed in a four-yearly cycle, and he suggested that the volumes should be produced annually instead. The four-yearly volume could then concentrate on providing a complementary critical encyclopaedic survey of the entire field. The first Side Effects of Drugs Annual was published in 1977. The first encyclopaedic edition of Meyler s Side... 

Most athletes who focused on long term results years later repeated this cycle after a 1-3 month "off period". The addition of other AAS was not considered by most until this cycle failed to provide effective results. I personally know of some NPC competitors who still used this first year cycle structure after several years with great success. 

The yearly cycle of toxaphene flux and annual loadings to Lake Superior by gas exchange have been estimated in two studies. Swackhamer et al. [65] estimated toxaphene fluxes in the four seasons, assuming air concentrations of 60pgm 3 in summer and 10 pg m 3 in the other three seasons, after Hoff... 

Cycle time = years Cycle time = days... 

---