Fusarenone

Miura, K., Aminova L., and MurayamaY. Fusarenon-X induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells depends on caspase activation and cytochrome c release. Toxicology 172, 103, 2002. 

Fusarenon-X (see Toxins derived from Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. crookwelleme)... 

T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin Neosofaniol (NESO) Diacetoxyscirpenof (DAS) T-2 tetraof (T-4of) deoxynivalenol (DON) nivalenof (NIV) fusarenon-X roridins verrucarins stachyhotryotoxins... 

FURYL PHENYL KETONE see FQ0050 FUSARENONE X see FQROOO FUSARIC ACID see BSIOOO FUSARINIC ACID see BSIOOO FUSARIOTOXIN T 2 see FQSOOO FUSED BORAX see DXG035... 

Other Events. Other effects that some, but not all, trichothecenes produce in plants cells is electrolytic leakage. In one set of experiments tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Supermarmande) leaves were treated with six trichothecenes. These were, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol and fusarenone. The T-2 toxin induced electrolyte leakage which increased with both concentration and exposure. Diacetoxyscirpenol also induced electrolyte leakage but the values were lower than those obtained with T-2 toxin. The other trichothecenes had no effects (41) Roridin E has also been implicated in electrolyte leakage and the response is concentration and duration dependent in muskmelon (33) Therefore, it appears that cell membrane permeabilty is changed in the presence of certain trichothecenes. 

In protozoa, Tetrahymena pyriformis trichothecene, such as T-2. toxin and Fusarenon-X, also inhibit DNA syntheses along with protein synthesis. Also, dis-... 

Detection of six trichothecenes DON, DAS, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol (NSL), fusarenone-x (F-X) is shown here. This method has been used for quantitation of DON in corn, wheat, wheat bran, and mixed feeds. The precision of the method was measured by repetitive analysis of naturally contaminated samples. Recovery was measured from samples spiked with DON standards. 

Deoxynivalenol standard was purchased from Mycolabs, Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri. Additional deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were purified from Fusarium cultures in this laboratory. The HT-2 toxin standard was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO. Fusarenon-x and neosolaniol were provided by Dr. Loshio Ueno, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan. 

The red mold disease of wheat and barley in Japan is prevalent in the region that faces the Pacific Ocean.4 Toxic trichothecenes, including nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and monoacetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon-X) from Fusarium nivale, can be isolated from moldy grains. In the suburbs of Tokyo, an illness similar to red mold disease was described in an outbreak of a food-borne disease, as a result of the consumption of Fusarium-infected rice.35 Ingestion of moldy grains that are contaminated with trichothecenes has been associated with mycotoxicosis in domestic farm animals.4... 

Fl22U8 OH OH OAc OH Fusarenone F. sporotrichioides (nivale, episphaeria, oxysporum) 148, 66, 66... 

Golinski P, Vesonder RF, Latus-Zietkiewicz D, Perkowski J (1988) Formation of Fusarenone X, Nivalenol, Zearalenone, a-frani-Zearalenol, /3-tranr-Zearalenol, and Fusarin C by Fusarium crookwellense. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 2147... 

Ueno Y, Ueno I, Tatsuno T, Ohokubo K, Tsunoda H (1969) Fusarenone-X, a Toxic Principle of Fusarium nivale Culture Filtrate. Experientia 25 1062... 

Baldwin NCP, Bycroft BW, Dewick PM, Gilbert J (1986) Metabolic Conversions of Trichothecene Mycotoxins Biotransformation of 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol into Fusarenone X. Z Naturforsch 41C 845... 

Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains were evaluated by El-Nezami et al. (2002) regarding their ability to remove seven Fusarium toxins (trichothecenes) from solution. Results showed that L. rhamnosus GG and Propionibacterium freudenrei-chii spp. shermanii JS were able to bind 18-93% of the deoxynivalenol, diacetoxy-scirpenol, and fusarenon in solution, while L. rhamnosus LC-705 removed 10-64% of deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol from liquid medium. When comparing the ability of lactic and propionic bacteria to remove toxin from solution, Niderkom, Boudra, and Morgavi (2006) found that deoxynivalenol and fumonisin removal was strain specific, and that in general propionic acid bacteria was less efficient than lactic acid bacteria. The best results were achieved with L. rhamnosus for ranoval of deoxynivalenol (55%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides for fumonisin Bi (about 82%), and L. lactis for fumonisin B2 (100%) (Niderkom et al., 2006). 

Trichothecenes are tricyclic sesquiterpenes, and they can be classified into four major types (A-D) based on their chanical structure. More than 200 trichothecenes have been identified (Nishiuchi, 2013). Although a high number of molecules have been characterized, only a few of them have been characterized from barley. Types A and B are frequent contaminants in cereal grains and cereal-based products. Type A includes T-2 toxin, neosolaniol (NEO) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). Type B includes fusarenon-x, nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON). 

The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (http //www.efsa.europa.eu/en/panels/contam.htm) deals with contaminants in the food chain. Scientific opinions on health risks are prepared by this panel. It is anticipated that the number of mycotoxins with regulatory status will increase in the future. Other Fusarium mycotoxins with possible regulatory interest in the future are fusarenone-x (an acetylated form of nivalenol), fusarin C, enniatins, beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol and moniliformin. More scientific opinions and risk assessments on mycotoxins can be found in the EFSA webpages (http //www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/mycotoxins.htm). 

Several Fusarium toxins such as DON, fumonisins, fusarenon-x, fusaric acid, nivalenol, T-2, HT-2 and ZEA are prone to masking biofransformations or binding by plants (Berthiller et al., 2013). In addition, other mycotoxins such as OTA and patulin have been found in conjugated forms. The major form of modified DON is deoxynivalenol-3-p-D-glucopyranoside (D3G), which is perhaps the most widely studied cereal-associated modified mycotoxin so far. 

Nasuda, E., Takemota, T., Tatsuno, T., Obara, T. (19827. Immunosuppressive effect of a trichothecene mycotoxin fusarenone x in mice. Immunol. 45 743-751. 

O Donnell T. Aoki [2] from molecular phylogenetic analyses. Other Japanese researchers identified the chemical structure of NIV, fusarenon-X (4-acetyl NIV), and deoxynivalenol (DON) [3-6],... 

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