Grains moldy

It is of interest to compare the shapes and sizes of various molecules with appreciable carcinogenic activity. For example, aflatoxin B] (VI), found in moldy peanuts and grain, is one of the most powerful carcinogens known. Its crystal structure was determined by van Soest and Peerdeman (46-48). 

Deoxynivalenol has not been known to produce deaths in humans, but has a significant impact on agriculture due to feed refusal. Pig and horse refusal of moldy grain was reported as early as 1928, and cases of complete refusal have been associated with wheat containing 34 mg per kg of deoxynivalenol (Moore et ah, 1985). 

The most common source of aflatoxins is moldy food, particularly nuts, some cereal grains, and oil seeds. The most notorious of the aflatoxins is aflatoxin B1( for which the structural formula is shown in Figure 19.1. Produced by Aspergillus niger, it is a potent liver toxin and liver carcinogen in some species. It is metabolized in the liver to an epoxide (see Section 7.3). The product is electrophilic with a strong tendency to bond covalently to protein, DNA, and RNA. Other common aflatoxins produced by molds are those designated by the letters B2, G1( G2, and M,. 

SPOILED CORN IS THE CAUSE OF PELLAGRA, and com readUy becomes spoiled, moldy or poisonous when harvested too early, befoio it is ripe, and stored in places which are damp or poorJy ventilated it may also be of poor quality when imported from some other place and may contain a ai]ge percentage of damaged grains. 

Livestock ingestion of large quantities of phytoestrogens in certain clovers, alfalfas, and in moldy grains... 

Fungi produced heat-stable mycotoxins, such as vomitoxin, sometimes found in moldy grain... 

Some of these substances can cause natural outbreaks, making detection of intentional contamination difficult. For example, from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s, consumption of food made with moldy grain caused at least 35 outbreaks... 

Moldy nuts or grains Alkylating agent, modifies guanine, causes... 

The red mold disease of wheat and barley in Japan is prevalent in the region that faces the Pacific Ocean.4 Toxic trichothecenes, including nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and monoacetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon-X) from Fusarium nivale, can be isolated from moldy grains. In the suburbs of Tokyo, an illness similar to red mold disease was described in an outbreak of a food-borne disease, as a result of the consumption of Fusarium-infected rice.35 Ingestion of moldy grains that are contaminated with trichothecenes has been associated with mycotoxicosis in domestic farm animals.4... 

Farmer s lung Moldy hay, grain, silage Saccharopolyspom rectivirgula, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Absidia corymbifera... 

Avoiding grain that is known to be moldy is the best management strategy. 

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