Fungi Ceratocystis

Isolated from the fungi Ceratocystis [2], Pyricularia oryzae [5], Plectophomella. 

In dimorphic fungi, the composition of constituent polysaccharides is sensitive to morphology and to the cultural conditions. These effects are accentuated in the case of Sporothrix schenckii, and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy can be used to detect individual polysaccharides in a qualitative way. The 13C-n.m.r. spectra of mannose-containing polysaccharides of ten Sporothrix schenckii and three Ceratocystis stenoceras species, grown under various conditions, were distinguishable in terms of the presence of signals,130 at 8C 103.3 to 103.7, which arose from 0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(l- 2)-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1— 3)-side-chains (14 C-l, 103.7 C-l, 96.8), and were not present in... 

Summerbell RC, Kane J, Krajden S, Duke EE Medically important species and related ophiostomatoid fungi in Wingfield MJ, Seifert KA, Webber JF (eds) Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathology. St Paul, American Phytopathological Society, 1993, pp 185-192. 

The presumed biosynthetic precursor of 6-methoxymellein, 6-hydroxymellein (10), has also been isolated from carrot roots stored under stress (ref.32). This compound was first isolated from a mutant of Aspergillus terreus (ref.42) and subsequently has been found in the bar)c of Tabebuia avellanedae (ref. 43) and produced by the fungi Pyricularla oryzae (ref. 44) and Ceratocystis minor (ref.45). Recently, the ( + )-6-hydroxymellein isomer has been isolated from the flowers of Cassia siamea (ref.46) and from a fungus of the genus Discula (ref.47). 

Bark beetles. Insects related to the weevils that bore into the wood and bark of trees and often cause extreme economic damage to forests. Many species live in symbiosis with fungi the elm bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus transmits the feared elm tree disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi. Some B. species are controlled by the application of synthetic pheromones in trap devices, that contain combinations of pheromones with synthetic insecticides see also bre-vicomin, chalcogran, conophthorin, frontalin, ipsdienol, lineatin, multistriatin, pityol, sulcatol, seudenol. 

The blue stain disease of conifers causes the death of more than 40 million trees a year in Western Canada where the mountain pine beetle is the vector of the disease. The microflora associated with the mountain pine beetle consists of several species of yeasts and mycelial fungi. Four species of the genus Ceratocystis have consistently been isolated from stained conifer wood C. clavigera, C. huntii, C. ips, and C. minor. Fungi of this genus are also responsible for the oak wilt and Dutch elm diseases (9). 

Ayer, W.A., L.M. Browne, M.C. Feng, H. Orszanska, and H. Saeedi-Ghomi The chemistry of the blue stain fungi. Part. 1. Some metabolites of Ceratocystis species associated with mountain pine beetle infected lodgepole pine. Canad. J. Chem. 64, 904 (1986). 

As discussed previously see Chapter 5), pathogenic bacteria and fungi synthesize a number of compounds that help to break down host tissues and to weaken the host plant. Similar phytotoxins, especially those produced by bacteria, are peptides typically with molecular weights less than 600. However, in contrast to the compounds of fungi, most bacterial toxins exhibit an overall lack of specificity (Mitchell, 1981). In some cases, these phytotoxins are produced in conjunction with phytotoxins from other biosynthetic groups of compounds. For example, in addition to the polyketide-derived compounds involved in the attack on elm trees by Ceratocystis ulmi, phytotoxic glycoproteins are also released (Harbome, 1988 Wood et al., 1972). 

Ceratocystis paradoxa Fungi OA, EtOH. 3 days. 20X 20,000 Narasimba Rao et al. (1971)... 

Inoculation of roots of sweet potato Ipomea batatas) with spore suspension of black rot fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata and other pathogenic fungi or HgCl2. 

Aspergillus caespitosus Ceratocystis Jimbriata Fusicoccum amygdali Hypoxy Ion spp. Semicarpus spp. Swartzia laevicarpa Tovomita brasiliensis Wood infected by fungi Synthesis... 

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