Epichloe typhina

Lignans Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina chokorin 67, 246... 

Phenolics Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina -hydroxybenzoic acid, -hydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol, cis-and tranS p CoumaFic acid 246... 

Phenylpropanoids Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina 1,3 and 1,2-O-di-trans-p-coumaroylglycerol 203... 

Sesquiterpenes Phleum pratense Epichloe typhina chokol A-G 67... 

Bacon CW, Hinton DM. Ascospore iterative germination in Epichloe typhina. Trans Br Mycol Soc 90 563-569, 1988. 

Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H-F, Collett MA, Watt DM, Scott DB. Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloe typhina. Genetics 136 1307-1317, 1994. 

White JF Jr, Bultman TL. Endophyte-host associations in forage grasses VIII. Heterothallism in Epichloe typhina. Am J Bot 74 1716-1721, 1987. 

Species of Epichloe are endophytic in grasses. Epichloe typhina has been shown to be heterothallic and requires deposition of spermatia of the opposite mating type in order to produce perithecia (Bultman and White, 1997). The neotyphodial conidia serve as spermatia which are transported between stromata by Anthomyiid flies (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1974 Bultman and White, 1997). The conidial state of Epichloe has been classified in the anamorphic genus Neotyphodium (Glenn et al., 1996). 

Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. Distribution of Epichloe typhina (Ascomycetes) and its parasitic fly. Mycologia 66 77-86, 1974. 

Chung K-R, Schardl CL. Sexual cycle and horizontal transmission of the grass symbiont, Epichloe typhina. Mycol Res 101 295-301, 1997. 

Chung K-R, Hollin W, Siegel MR, Schardl CL. Genetics of host specificity in Epichloe typhina. Phytopathology 87 599-605, 1997. 

Raynal G. Liberation des ascospores d Epichloe typhina, agent de la quenouille du dactyle. Consequences pour l epidemiologie et la lutte. Fourrages 127 345-358, 1991. 

Sampson K. The systemic infection of grasses by Epichloe typhina (Pers) Tul Trans Br Mycol Soc 18 30-47, 1933. 

Welch AM, Bultman TL. Natural release of Epichloe typhina ascospores and its temporal relationship to fly parasitism. Mycologia 85 756-763, 1993. 

Western JH, Cavett JJ. The choke disease of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) caused by Epichloe typhina. Trans Br Mycol Soc 42 298-307, 1959. 

White JF Jr, Morrow AC, Morgan-Jones G, Chambless DA. Endophyte-host associations in forage grasses. XIV. Primary stromata formation and seed transmission in Epichloe typhina developmental and regulatory aspects. Mycologia 83 72-81, 1991. 

Identifying Hybrids The Case of Neotyphodium lolii x Epichloe typhina... 

Morgan-Jones G, Gams W. Notes on Hyphomycetes XLI. An endophyte of Festuca arundinacea and the anamorph of Epichloe typhina, new taxa in one of two new sections of Acremonium. Mycotaxon 15 311-318, 1982. 

Koshino H, Togiya S, Terada S, Yoshihara T, Sakamura S, Shimanuki T, Sato T, Tajimi A. New fungiotoxic sesquiterpenoides, chokols A-G, from stromata of Epichloe typhina and the absolute configuration of chokol E. Agric Biol Chem 53 789-796, 1989a. 

Koshino H, Yoshihara T, Okuno M, Sakamura S, Tajimi A, Shimanuki T. Gamahonolides A, B, and gamahorin, novel antifungal compounds from stromata of Epichloe typhina on Phleum pratense. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56 1096-1099, 1992a. 

Yoshihara T, Togiya S, Koshino H, Sakamura S. Three fungiotoxic cyclopentanoid sesquiterpenes from stromata of Epichloe typhina. Tetrahedron Lett 26 5551-5554, 1985. 

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forms similar associations with Neotyphodium lolii or, more rarely, a second species of Neotyphodium classified as LpTG-2 [for L. perenne endophyte taxonomic grouping 2 (Christensen et al., 1993)] and exemplified by the isolate Lpl. LpTG-2 is a hybrid of N. lolii X Epichloe typhina (Schardl et al., 1994), and plants with this hybrid differ in their alkaloid profiles from those with N. lolii (Christensen et al., 1993 Bony et al.,... 

Figure 2 Electrophoretic karyotypes of Epichloe endophytes. Electrophoresis conditions are as described by Murray et al. (1992). Lane 1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae lane 2, Schizosaccharomyces pombe lane 3, Epichloe typhina X Neotyphodium lolii strain Lp1 lane 4, E. typhina x N. lolii strain Lpl-1 lane 5, E. typhina x N. /o//7strain Lp1-2 lane 6, N. lolii strain Lp5 lane 7, N. lolii strain Lp5-1 lane 8, N. lolii strain Lp19 lane 9, N. lolii strain Lp20 lane 10, N. lolii strain Lp21.

Figure3 Linear plasmids in Epichloe typhina. Lane 1, A-H/ndlll size markers lanes 2-4, undigested . typhina strain E8 DNA.

Bacon CW, Porter JK, Robbins JD, Luttrell ES. Epichloe typhina from toxic tall fescue grasses. Appl Env Microbiol 34 576-581, 1977. 

Chung K-R, Leuchtmann A, Schardl CL. Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and plasmids in the Ascomycetous fungus, Epichloe typhina. Genetics 142 259-265, 1996. 

Mogen KL, Siegel MR, Schardl CL, Linear DN A plasmids of the perennial ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloe typhina (Clavicipitaceae). Curr Genet 20 519-526, 1991. 

---