Symbionts

Haygood, M. G., and Cohn, D. H. (1986). Luciferase genes cloned from the unculturable luminous bacteroid symbiont of the Caribbean flashlight fish, Kryptophanaron alfredi. Gene 45 203-209. 

Bandichhor R, Nosse B, Reiser O (2005) Paraconic Acids - The Natural Products from Lichen Symbiont. 243 43-72 Bannwarth W, see Horn J (2004) 242 43-75 Barre L, see Lasne M-C (2002) 222 201-258... 

As discussed above, there is the possibility that toxigenesis in Alexandrium is not intrinsic but due to symbionts. Whichever proves to be the case, the observed patterns of toxin composition, whether they are for the dinoflagellate itself or the isolated assemblage of dinoflagellate and symbiont, are a basis for recognizing and distinguishing the regional populations. 

Yang H-C, J Cheng, TM Finan, BP Rosen, H Bhattacharjee (2005) Novel pathway for arsenic detoxification in the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Bacterial 187 6991-6997. 

Daughton CG, DPH Hsieh (1977) Parathion utilization by bacterial symbionts in a chemostat. Appl Environ Microbiol 34 175-184. 

Harman GE, CR Howell, A Viterbo, I Chet, M Lorita (2004) Trichoderma species opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Revs Microbiol 2 43-56. 

R. C. Snellgrove, W. E. Splitstoesser, D. B. Strubket, and P. B. Tinker. The distribution of carbon and the demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 69 15 (1982). 

D. A. Phillips, F. D. Dakora, E. Sande, C. Joseph, and J. Zon, Synthe.sis, release and transmission of alfalfa signals to rhizobial symbionts. Plant Soil 161 69 (1994). 

M. P. Bec-Fcrte, H. B. Krishnan, D. Prome. A. Savagnac, S. G. Pueppke. and J.-C. Prome, Stractures of nodulation factors from the nitrogen lixing soybean symbiont Rhizobium fredii USDA257. Biochemistry. (.( l 1782 (1994). 

J. Lorquin, G. Lortet, M. Ferro, N. Mear, B. Dreyfus, J.-C. Prome, and C. Boivin, Nod factors from Sinorhizobium saheli and 5. teranga bv. sesbaniae are both arabi-nosylated and fucosylated, a structural feature specific to Sesbania rostrata symbionts. Molec. Plant Microbe Interact. I0 il9 (1997). 

G. L. Boyer, Iron uptake and siderophore formation in the actinorhizal symbiont Frankia Biochemistry of Metal Micronutrients in the Rhizosphere (J. A. Manthey, D. E. Crowley, and D. G. Luster, eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA London, England, UK, 1994, pp. 41-54. 

Mycorrhizae Host plants Fungal symbionts Fungal structures... 

These DNA markers have been successfully employed to track specific strain-associated loci in endo- and ectomycorrhizal populations from agricultural land, forest nurseries, plantations, and natural ecosystems. The simplest strategy (digesting PCR-amplified ITS with selected endonucleases) has identified their symbionts in various ecosystems (18,36-38). Species discrimination by ITS-RFLP matching can be improved by comparing data for the targeted DNA with those on sequence databases (37). 

Figures 7 and 8 (7) Hair root of Calhma vulgaris colonized by an ericoid mycorrhizal strain. The asconiycetous fungus is a dark sterile mycelium and produces an intercellular coil, which is surrounded by the host membrane. X 15,000. (8) Detail of an orchid root cell colonized by an orchid symbiont. The basidiomycetous fungus (F) has a thick wall and is surrounded by the host membrane (H). X21.000.

Associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and the Homoptera, Blattaria, and Coleoptera are common. One of the best known is that between Biicli-nera and the aphids (149,150). Both partners are obligate and mutualistic symbionts, and the aphids cannot survive without the bacteria (150). Buclmera, in fact. 

B. Henrion. C. Di Battista, D. Bouchard, D. Vairelles, B. D. Thompson, F. Le Tacon, and F. Martin, Monitoring the persistence of Laccaria bicolor as an endomycorrhizal. symbiont of nursery-grown Douglas fir by PCR of the rDNA intergenic spacer. Mol. Ecol. 3 571 (1994). 

J. P. Clapp, J. P. W. Young, J. P. Merryweather, and A. H. Fitter. Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbu.scular mycorrhizas from a natural community. New Phytol. 130 259 (1995). 

A. Gollotte, C. Cordier, M. C. Lemoine and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. Role of fungal wall components in interactions between endomycorrhizal symbionts. Eukaryotism and Symbiosis (H. E. A. Schenck, R. Herrmann, K. W. Jeon, N. E. Muller, W. Schwemniler, eds.), Springer-Verlag, 1997, pp. 412-428. 

S. E. Smith and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39 221 (1988). 

P. Baumann, L. Baumann, C.-Y. Lai, and D. Rouhbakhsh, Genetics, physiology and evolutionary relationships of the genus Buchnera intracellular symbionts of aphids, Annii. Rev. Microbiol. 49 55 (1995). 

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