Fumonisin mycotoxins

JL Josephs. Detection and characterization of fumonisin mycotoxins by liquid chromatography/elec-trospray ionisation using ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10(11) 1333-1344, 1996. 

Humpf, H. U. and Voss, K. A. (2004). Effects of thermal food processing on the chemical structure and toxicity of fumonisin mycotoxins. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48(4), 255-269. 

Kritzinger, Q., Aveling, T. A., Marasas, W. F., Rheeder, J. P., van der Westhuizen, L., and Shephard, G. S. (2003). Mycoflora and fumonisin mycotoxins associated with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] seeds. ]. Agric. Food Chem. 51(8), 2188-2192. 

Wang, E., Ross, P. F., Wilson, T. M., Riley, R. T., and Merrill, A. H., Jr. (1992). Increases in serum sphingosine and sphinganine and decreases in complex sphingolipids in ponies given feed containing fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. /. Nutr. 122(8), 1706-17016. 

Zhang RF, Chen CS, Yu L, Sun HL, Fu CG, Xu HD Aspergillus versicolor and sterigmatocystin might be related to genesis of gastric cancer. Abstract 7th Int Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), International Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phytotoxins, Tokyo 1988. Dutton MF Fumonisins, mycotoxins of increasing importance Their nature and their effects. Pharmacol Ther 1996 70 137-161. 

Nelson PE, Desjardins AE, Plattner RD Fumonisins Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species Biology, chemistry, and significance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 1993 31 233-252. 

Norred WP Fumonisins - Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. J Toxicol Environ Health 1993 38 309-328. 

Josephs, J.L. Detection and Characterization of Fumonisin Mycotoxins by Liquid Chromatography/Elechospray-ionization Using Ion Trap and Triple... 

Proctor, R. H., Desjardins, A. E., Planner, R. D., and Hohn, T. M. (1999). A polyketide synthase gene required for biosynthesis of fumonisin mycotoxins in Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A. Fungal Genet. Biol. 27, 100-112. 

Use of RRFs is an accepted concept in analytical chemistry and has found application in diverse areas of trace analysis where a full suite of the CRMs required for regular system calibration is not available, for example, determination of polychlorinated PCBs by GC-MS and fumonisin mycotoxins by LC-FL. There are four general scenarios for application of RRFs to marine biotoxin analyses. 

Espada Y, Ruiz de Gopegui R, Cuadradas C, Cabanes FJ (1997) Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Broilers Plasma Proteins and Coagulation Modifications. Avian Dis 41 73... 

Fumonisin Mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum that causes encephalitis and death in eqnines. In humans, it causes cancer and interferes with folic acid metabolism. It is believed to increase the chances of neural tube defects in developing fetuses. 

Many natural products are charged substances, and can be isolated by IEC methods. Dufresne has published a comprehensive review describing various resins and column operating conditions applicable to purification of natural products from fermentation broths or crude extracts.168 Among natural products, antibiotics are of special interest due to their widespread use in humans and animals. Sample cleanup by IEC prior to analysis by other LC methods for quantitative determination of antibiotics in biological fluids is frequent.I69171 Also, IEC followed by TLC appears useful for the quantitation of fumonisin Bl, a mycotoxin found in agricultural products.172... 

Fusarium moniliforme sya verticillioides causes the so-called ear rot disease in maize and produces fumonisin B, (IB,), one of the most frequently detected mycotoxins in the food supply chain worldwide (Steyn, 1995). FBi can inhibit lipid formation, particularly in the liver. Fumonisins have been detected and investigated only relatively recently. Several structurally related forms of fumonisins (FBS) have been associated with human cancer (e.g. FB with oesophageal cancer) as well as with a host of problems in livestock fed with FB -contaminated feed (D Mello, 2003 Benbrook, 2005). 

Major chemical contaminants implicated in food safety include pesticides, herbicides, myeotoxins and antibiotics. These analytes have been targeted by numerous groups developing SPR biosensors. As these analytes are rather small (typical molecular weight < 1,000), inhibition assay has been a preferred detection format. Examples of chemical contaminants detected by SPR biosensors include pesticides atrazine and simazine (detection limits 0.05 ng/ml and 0.1 ng/ml respectively), mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (detection limit 50 ng/ml ), and antibiotics Sulphamethazine, Sulphadiazine (detection limits 1 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml respectively). 

A number of fusarium mycotoxins are produced, depending upon geographic origin. Among them are deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, and T-2 toxin. 

This NRL sensor was used for fhe rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and small toxins, including several mycotoxins [ochratoxin A, fumonisin B, aflafoxin Bi, and deoxynivalenol (DON)] from food pro-ducfs (Ngundi et ah, 2005, 2006 Sapsford et ah, 2006). They used a sandwich immunoassay formaf fo detect C. jejuni in milk and yogurt and a competitive immunoassay format to detect the mycotoxins. 

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced by species within the G. fujikuroi complex. The major producing species are F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. nygamai (Bermett and Klich, 2003). 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) (1993). Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme Fumonisins Bi and Bz and Fusarin C. In "lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Some Naturally Occurring Substances Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromaotic Amines and Mycotoxins," vol. 56, pp. 445 66. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

For zinc, copper and iron, the 31st CCFAC in 1999 recommended that the relevant Commodity Committees take appropriate steps to remove the provisions concerning zinc, copper and iron from the contaminant section of all commodity standards. These provisions should be considered as quality parameters and can be included in the standards as such.13 Moreover, there are draft standards for the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin, and Position Papers are becoming available for fumonisins and zearalenone. 

For fumonisins, the USA presented a Position Paper to the 32nd CCFAC in 2000.17 This paper was finalised in the 33rd CCFAC, and fumonisins as well as ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins were evaluated by JECFA in February 2001. 

Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone have been evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food. The question of maximum levels for some of these mycotoxins in foodstuffs has been discussed for several years in the Committee of Experts - Working Party on Agricultural Contaminants under DG VI (now under DG SANCO). Proposals from this committee are then considered by the Standing Committee on Foodstuffs, prior to adoption by the Commission as Commission Regulations. 

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