Fuels and Their Combustion

Fossil fuels, which fed this amazing economic growth, were the medicine to cure deprivation. But it was an untested medicine, at that. As the planet Earth consumed more and more fossil fuels, two important predicaments started to emerge (1) the fossil fuels would be depleted in a foreseeable future, and (2) the fossil fuels and their combustion products were causing global environmental problems. 

M Haslam and Russell, "Fuels and their Combustion," New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc., 1926, p. 162. 9... 

One of Lewis strong interests was in combustion, kilns, and gas production. In the early 1920 s, Robert T. Haslam, who had joined the faculty after World War I, chose this part of Lewis interest as his area of specialization and began with Robert P. Russell of the Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry to assemble material for a book. Fuels and their Combustion, an authoritative volume. This field was so important that Haslam considered the possibility of either a separate chemical engineering division in this area or perhaps a separate course. Fuel and gas engineering did, in fact, maintain a separate identity for a period of several years, but returned to chemical engineering in 1932. 

Fuels and their Combustion, R. T. Haslam and R. P. Russell (McGraw-Hill)... 

Haslam, R.T. and Russell, R.P. 1926. Fuels and their Combustion. McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 4. Heredy, L.A. 1981. In Coal Structure, M.L. Gorbaty and K. Ouchi (Eds.). Advances in Chemistry Series No. 192. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 12. 

A reaction system which is not occurred in an isothermal condition and able to show chemical oscillations is driven by temperature changes that have significance for chemists in order to process controls and designing a reaction. Periodicity in such chemical oscillators which is certainly evolved by thermal changes has been investigated by several researchers especially in hydrocarbon fuels and their combustion derivatives [25]. A detailed theoretical and practical validation of those oscillating combustion reactions has also been reported in chlorination of CH3CI in vapor-phase reaction [26]. 

Haslam, R.T. (1926) Fuels and their Combustion. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Odgers, J. and D. Kretschmer (1986), Gas turbine fuels and their influence on combustion. Abacus Press, Cambridge, USA. 

Frayne, Colin (ANCO). Overview of Combustion and Related Problems Associated with Various Fuels, and Their Technical Solutions. Technical Bulletin. Anderson Chemical Company, Inc., USA, 1992. 

In addition to the catalyzed reactions used in the refining of petroleum (see Sections 18.5 and 18.9), alkanes undergo two common reactions oxidation and substitution (Section 18.4). The alkanes are commonly used as fuels, because their combustion to carbon dioxide and water is highly exothermic (Section 6.17) ... 

The fields of combustion and atmospheric chemistry are intimately connected. Both of these fields are dominated by the reactivity of radical intermediates. The oxidation (combustion) of fossil fuels and their derivatives converts chemical energy into heat... 

In the pursuit of new high-energy-density fuels, fuels with strained molecules have been developed and their combustion characteristics studied [1]. Fuels such as dihydrobenzvalene (CeHg) and methyl cubane ((C H7)CH3) are strained dur-... 

Types of Fuels and Their Uses. Fuel combustion is the overwhelming source of energy in the United States, providing heating, electric... 

Dust particles can be classified according to their size. Those smaller than 0.1 pm behave as a gas and do not deposit. Particles between 0.1 and 1 pm settle, but so slowly that air drafts avoid their deposition and those bigger than 1 pm deposit at measurable rates. Smoke from fuels and tobacco combustion, viruses and some bacteria are in the first group flour, clays, paint pigments and bacteria are in the second one and ash, sand, coal, pollen, spores, hair, and mist are in the last one. In an ordinary atmosphere, 99% of the particles are smaller than 1 pm. 

In the side-fired reformers the burners are located in the wall, and the box accomodates one or two rows of tubes, which receive their heat mainly by radiation from the walls of the furnace box. This is claimed to provide a very uniform heat distribution, which may additionally be adjusted by control of the individual burners. The larger number of burners makes fuel and preheated combustion air distribution more complicated and more expensive. As the heigth and width of the reformer are fixed by the radiation geometry of the tubes and furnace box walls, it is only possible to... 

Following this study, Wilk et al. [230] simulated the composition-time profiles for selected alkenes and oxygenated products that were formed from n-butane and i-butane combustion, and also mixtures of these fuels, in a motored engine. An engine cycle was simulated within a spatially uniform zone of varying volume. The volume history was specified in such a way that the predicted pressure history matched the measured polytropic pressure history in non-reactive conditions. Composition profiles were compared with those measured experimentally. Some of the kinetic features that distinguish the reactivities of the two fuels and their modes of reaction involving alkylperoxy and dialkylperoxy radicals were elucidated in this work. The n-butane oxidation model had also been applied to the... 

Table VII. Heat of Combustion of Natural Fuels and Their Pyrolysis Products as Char...

In order to avoid a social shock when the global energy system should transfer from fossil system to the CO2 recycling system using renewable energy, a hybridization between fossil and solar energy should be also discussed. That is, there are various kind of energy sources (solar, fossil fuels and their complex sources), and of carbon sources (CO2 from flue gas of combustion, CO2 from exhaust gas of fossil fuel chemical conversion, and carbon of fossil fuel itself). 

For a deep analysis of all issues regarding the internal combustion engines and for a comprehensive examination of energy sources for transportation, which are outside the scope of this book, other monographs are recommended [40, 41], The discussion of this section will be subsequently focused on interactions engine-fuel and their effects on local and global environmental issues. 

Because the aromatic hydrocarbon content of aviation turbine fuels affects their combustion characteristics and smoke forming tendencies, the amounts of aromatics (ASTM D-1319, IP 156) are limited. Aromatic constituents also increase the luminosity of the combustion flame (ASTM D-1740), which can adversely affect the life of the combustion chamber. 

With the development of coal-water slurry fuels and their successful use in power plants, direct combustion of fines in circulating fluidized beds and the injection of dry coal fines into a number of thermal and metallurgical processes, the interest in tum-ble/growth agglomeration for the size enlargement of coal fines from any source has diminished to almost zero. 

Advanced combustion stabilization methods Use of multiple fuels and their characteristics New flame stabilization techniques... 

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