Advanced Combustion

The steam temperature can be raised to levels as high as 580°C-600°C (930 F-1110°F) and pressure over 4500 psi. Under these conditions, water enters a supercritical phase with properties in between those of liquid and gas. This supercritical water can dissolve a variety of organic compounds and gases, and when hydrogen peroxide and liquid oxygen are added, combustion is triggered. Dirbines based on this principle (supercritical turbines) offer outputs of over 500 MW. 

Currently, supercritical power plants reach thermal efficiencies of just over 40%, although a few of the more plants have attained high efficiency up to 45%. A number of steam generator and mrbine manufacturers around the world now claim that steam temperatures up to 700°C (1290 F) (ultra-supercritical conditions) are possible which might raise plant efficiencies to over 50%, but require the use of expensive nickel-based alloys for reaction equipment and power generators because of the corrosive properties. 

The main competition to supercritical system is from new gas turbine combined-cycle plants which are now expedited to achieve an overall efficiency of 60%, making a huge difference in generating and life-cycle costs. However, the new gas turbines will release exhaust into waste heat recovery steam generator at temperatures above 600°C (1110°F), thus necessitating the use of the high-chromium steel and nickel alloys as used in the supercritical coal-fired plants. 

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P. Kesselting, Catalytic Combustion, ia F. Weiaberg, ed.. Advanced Combustion Methods, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1986. 

ExxonMobil has given 100 million to the Stanford University Global Climate and Energy Project, where research projects are involved with hydrogen power, advanced combustion, solar energy, biomass, advanced materials, catalysts and C02 storage, C02 capture, and separation. 

As the requirements for future military combustors become increasingly demanding, an advanced combustion control system that can effectively shorten the combustor development time and improve the combustor performance will be an important technological asset to our military. Active combustion control (ACC) is an attractive idea because it relies on proper timing of fuel injection rather than spatial changes of flow field as required in passive approaches. Since timing adjustment is simpler than potential geometry modifications associated... 

The work described here was financially supported by the Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center (funded by NSF, the State of Utah, 23 industrial participants, and US DOE). 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a series or standard test methods for both solid and liquid fuels in oxygen bomb calorimeters. Advanced combustion calorimeters are capable of performing 8 to 10 tests per hour with a precision of 0.1%. 

The AR TD (DU) program is an integrated analytical and experimental program which will establish comprehensive technical data bases and develop the necessary understanding whereby advanced combustion systems, which utilize synthetic fuels, can be designed to operate in an efficient and environmentally acceptable manner. 

J P Kesseinng, Catalytic combustion. Advanced combustion methods (FJ Weinberg, Ed), Academic Press, London, 1986, p 327... 

Other advanced combustion systems for solid biomass fuels also offer considerable advantages over conventional designs and are in commercial use or under development. A few of them are described here. 

Nussbaumer, Th. (1998) Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction by Advanced Combustion Control Technique (ACCT) with CO/Lambda Control and Setpoint Optimization, Biomass for Energy and Industry, 10 European Conference and Technology Exhibition, Wurzburg (D), June 8- 11 1998, pp. 

In general, fuel switching is currently the cheapest option at the current price difference of 10/ton between high-sulfur and low-sulfur coals. However, as low-sulfur coal prices increase, this will become less economical. Dry processes are the next most economical option, but they may not be able to meet emission control standards. The various types of scrubber have broadly similar costs, and the choice will depend on the specific plant under consideration. It appears from Table 4 that advanced combustion technologies such as integrated... 

As can be seen from Table 6, the projected cost of electricity for the GT-MHR is about 31/MWh. Tliis cost can be compared to tlie projected cost of electricity from an Advanced Combustion Turbine (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine, CCGT) [16, Table 38]. (The analysis in this section follows [17].)... 

Several companies offer instruments capable of determining carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and some other elements [72]. Such instruments feature an automatic sample injector. Samples are normally encased in sealed capsules. There is also a small computer which integrates peak areas and performs all the necessary calculations, which in some instances include the calculations of chemical formulae the computer also prints out the results. Finally, the new instruments feature advanced combustion and chromatographic separation systems. 

Advanced combustion stabilization methods Use of multiple fuels and their characteristics New flame stabilization techniques... 

Packed bed combustor. (From Weinburg, F. In Advanced Combustion Methods, 200-206, London and New York Academic Press, 1986.)... 

G. "Annealing and Pickling Lines Benefits from Advanced Combustion Systems." Millennium Steel 2006 284-88. 

Dugue, J., Von Drasek, W., Samaniego, J. M., Charon, O., and Oguro, T. "Advanced Combustion Facilities and Diagnostics." American/Japanese Flame Research Committees 1998, International Symposium Maui, Hawaii, October 11-15,1998. 

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