Fuel residues

Residential sheathing Residual fuel Residual fuel oil Residual gas analyzers... 

The startup speed and temperature acceleration curves as shown in Figure 19-2 are one such safety measure. If the temperature or speed are not reached in a certain time span from ignition, the turbine will be shutdown. In the early days when these acceleration and temperature curves were not used, the fuel, which was not ignited, was carried from the combustor and then deposited at the first or second turbine nozzle, where the fuel combusted which resulted in the burnout of the turbine nozzles. After an aborted start the turbine must be fully purged of any fuel before the next start is attempted. To achieve the purge of any fuel residual from the turbine, there must be about seven times the turbine volume of air that must be exhausted before combustion is once again attempted. 

Synonyms Diesel fuel oil no. 4 heavy residual fuel oil marine diesel fuel residual fuel oil no. 4... 

According to the vendor, ZEROS can treat hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins. The vendor claims that the technology can treat contaminated soils, liquid wastes in metal and plastic containers, asbestos, medical and biomedical wastes, contaminated sludges, waste fuels, fuel residues, and municipal solid waste. The technology is commercially available. 

Prevent copper-catalyzed oxidation of fuel components. Copper ions can act as catalysts to initiate the rapid oxidation and degradation of fuel components. The result of this rapid oxidation will be a darkened, viscous fuel residue. 

It is possible, however, for some residual caustic to cany over into the finished fuel. Residual caustic that is present may react with a carboxylic acid based corrosion inhibitor. If this occurs, the ability of the inhibitor to form a protective film on ferrous metal surfaces will be destroyed. 

MW >178) prevail. PAHs in either fossil fuels or unburned fossil fuel residues are characterized by higher proportions of LMH PAHs and an increased abundance of alkylated homologs. 

Absorption bonds due to water, fuel and ethylene glycol can also be used to indicate their presence. Two absorption bands that occur nominally at 1070 cm 1 and 1040 cm 1 are characteristic of ethylene glycol and a large absorption is also present around 3400 cm"1 for water/glycol presence. Any contamination of unburned fuel residues is present as non-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Three absorption bands were selected that were characteristic of the gasoline fuel 3016 cm 1, 803 cm 1 and 469 cm 1 (Coates and Setti, 1983). 

Figure 1. Normalized carbon to hydrogen atomic ratios of fuel residues during equilibrium batch distillation of Gulf Coast No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, Indo-Malaysian No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, and Raw Paraho shale oil.

Small quantities of NAPL can move into porous media under both gravity and capillary effects and can become essentially immobilized, due to discontinuities that develop in the NAPL as it spreads out these discontinuities are very much like the ones formed in water films in very dry porous media. Discontinuities prevent flow of NAPL from one region to another the amount of NAPL present when flow stops is called the residual saturation. The effect can be likened to that of water breaking into discontinuous, discrete droplets on the bottom of a greasy kitchen sink, thereby preventing flow of the last drops of water down the drain. (In this domestic example the water, not the grease film, is the discontinuous phase.) Residual saturation depends on soil texture and on the surface tension (cr) between the NAPL and water this surface tension is approximately 30 to 50 dyn/cm for many immiscible solvents and fuels. Residual saturation also depends on the initial water content of the porous media when the NAPL is introduced. 

Several methods have been studied for the dissolution of Pu02. The most widely used method in the past is the use of nitric acid containing a small concentration (typically <0.2 M) of fluoride usually added as HF. Although the use of HNO3-HF to dissolve Pu02 or Pu02 containing fuel residues is undesirable as pointed out by Nicholson (20, it is preferable to most of the other methods which have been used. Other options have been used only on a laboratory or limited process scale and will be mentioned only briefly here. 

Horner et al. (9) have observed that in dissolution of irradiated fuels residues, ruthenium present as fission product Ru metal, destroys the Ce(lV) probably through formation of volatile RuO followed by its decomposition to solid Ru(>2 and return from the dissolver condenser to the solution. The Ru02 is then again oxidized to RUO4. Elimination of this problem will require removal of ruthenium from the solution. It should be noted that other fission products such as iodine are oxidized to high oxidation states by Ce(lV) and also will consume Ce(lV). 

Fuel Oils9 0.02 mg/m3 (acute, diesel fuels), 0.01 mg/m3 (intermediate, kerosene) NA Group 2A petroleum refining, occupational Group 2B marine diesel fuels residual fuel oils Group 3 jet fuels distillate diesel fuels NA... 

Marine diesel cylinder lubricants are total loss lubricants. In their brief operational life their main functions are to provide a strong oil film between the cylinder liner and the piston rings, hold partially burnt fuel residues in suspension so promoting engine cleanliness, and neutralise acids formed by the combustion of sulphur compounds in the fuel. Marine diesel cylinder lubricants are therefore formulated to combat mechanical, abrasive and corrosive wear. 

As another example, a certified fuel residue SRM 1634 C was used to validate the microwave digestion with other proven methods. Thus, microwave digestion is still able to produce better results than other traditional methods, such as wet ashing or direct dilutions. In Table 4, the microwave data is able to achieve better results than wet ashing for both 1634B and 1634C SRMs. However, the direct dilution data are just about the same as microwave digestion data. 

TABLE 4—Comparison of different methods determining trace metals in fuel residue. 

Fossil-fueled vehicles give rise to emissions of unburned fuel and partially oxidized hydrocarbons [102,106]. Prominent are the BTEX suite of aromatics - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. These compounds are ubiquitous in the environment, present in essentially every hive atmosphere we test and often among the most prominent peaks in the chromatogram. To date, it has not been possible to position a bee colony that avoids capture of significant amounts of BTEX. We also detect more biorefractive fuel components in hive air - polycyclic aromatics and biphenyls commonly associated with diesel products [114]. Incompletely burned fuel residuals [102] were also evident as noted in the Oxygenates portion of Table 2.5. These comprised aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and oxides. 

Handled substances (starting materials, intermediates, side and end products, fuels, residues)... 

Fuel Petrol JetAl Diesel fuel Residue... 

Feeds Natural gas Light naphtha Heavy fuel Residue under vacuum Asphalt... 

These experimental studies illustrate the important consequences of air ingression into the reactor vessel when hot fuel residues are present. Ruthenium releases as well as the releases of some other radionuclides are greatly accentuated. The proceedings of the seminar provide also a good digest of much of the world-wide research on severe reactor accident source terms at the time. 

The Rover Fuels Processing Facility provides a head-end system designed specifically for reclaiming uranium from graphite matrix nuclear rocket fuels. Residual ash from fluidized bed burners is charged to the dissolver and is dissolved tmd complexed in a four step process (a) nitric acid dissolution (b) water dilution (c) hydrofluoric acid dissolution and (d) fluoride com-plexing. Quantities of reagents are determined by foe... 

Yet, liquid and particularly solid fuels raise a plethora of additional issues and concerns, mostly revolving arotmd the contact of the oxygen carrier with the fuel, separation of fuel residue (ash, etc.) from the carrier material, and the lower reactivity of these fuels in comparison to gaseous fuels. 

Partial oxidation Hydrocarbons including heavy fuel residues H O, 0. None 1200-1500°C 30-80atm CO, H, (CH, CO,)... 

Preparation. Most petroleum is refined to some extent before use, although small amounts are burned without processing. The refining of crude oil yields a number of products having many different applications. Those used as fuel include gasoline, distillate fuel, residual fuel, jet fuels, still gas, liquefied gases, kerosene, and petroleum coke. 

To achieve these objectives, the design of spent fuel storage fiicilities shall incorporate features to maintain fuel subcritical, to remove spent fuel residual heat. 

The percentage mass of condensed water and fuel in the samples was measured using a ThermoGravimetric Analyser (TGA) though the TGA version of the NOACK volatility method", a typical TGA analysis for a cold start lubricant sample is given in Fig 1 showing the considerable mass of water and petrol fuel residue lost at relatively low temperatures. 

---