Biomedical waste

The process is used on petroleum sludges, used tires, biomedical waste, automobile shredder residues, bark residues and municipal solid wastes. It is limited to treating organic wastes and contaminated soil. For soil contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), vacuum pyrolysis cannot destroy the PCBs but will concentrate them in the pyrolytic oils. The process cannot be used to treat mine tailings. 

According to the vendor, ZEROS can treat hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins. The vendor claims that the technology can treat contaminated soils, liquid wastes in metal and plastic containers, asbestos, medical and biomedical wastes, contaminated sludges, waste fuels, fuel residues, and municipal solid waste. The technology is commercially available. 

GlasserH, Chang DPY, Hickman DC. 1991. An analysis of biomedical waste incineration. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 41 1180-1188. 

Special precautions and directions for the preparation, storage, handling, and disposal of drugs, supplies, and biomedical waste. 

The total quantity of waste received must first be determined. Continuous or batch operation of the waste must be chosen. Biomedical waste incinerators are normally batch-operated, but since the quantity of waste received at this facility is large, continuous operation may make more sense. 

Biomedical wastes are not only generated by hospitals. Animal research facilities, research centers, universities, rest homes, and veterinary clinics also generate pathological (infectious) waste. Pathological waste includes animal carcasses, contaminated laboratory wastes, hypodermic needles, contaminated food and equipment, blood products, and even dialysis unit wastes. Normally, biomedical wastes are incinerated along with other wastes generated by the facilities such as paper and plastic. 

In the past, controlled-air incinerators have been the most popular incinerators for biomedical waste destruction. A controlled-air incinerator is a two-chamber, hearth-burning, pyrolytic unit. The primary chamber receives the waste and bums it with less than stoichiometric air. Volatiles released in the primary chamber are burned in the secondary combustion chamber. These units result in low fly ash generation and low particulate emissions. In addition, they have a low capital cost and may be batch operated. They normally do not require air pollution control equipment unless acid gas emissions are excessive. 

Biomedical waste, see Infectious Substances and Division 6.2, p. 115 Clinical waste, see Infectious Substances and Division 6.2, p.l 15... 

Infectious waste syn. biomedical waste, clinical waste, or medical waste. 

Blackman, William G., Jr. Basic Hazardous Waste Management. 3d ed. Boca Raton, Fla. GRG Press, 2001. Overview of hazardous-waste management technologies with discussion concerning disposal of radioactive and biomedical wastes. 

Beryllium, pciwder Beryllium Chloride Beryllium Compounds, n.o.s. Beryllium Fluoride Beryllium Nitrate Bifluorides, n.o.s. Biomedical Waste, n.o.s. 1567 1566 1566 1566 2464 1740 3291 32 53 53 53 42 60 24 Bromine Bromine Chloride Bromine Pentafluoride Bromine Solutions Bromine Trifluoride Bromoacetic Acid, solid Bromoacetic Acid, solution 1744 2901 1745 1744 1746 1938 1938 59 20 44 59 44 60 60... 

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is funding research at the University of Nevada at Reno on the chemical environmental problems associated with mining of gold and silver in the desert environment of the western United States. Cyanide will be the focus of an environmental chemistry project which is intended to provide essential site and chemical characterization information to concurrent biomedical projects. This research will provide information on releases of cyanide to the environment from precious metal mining and help to determine the threat to human health (i.e., potential for human exposures to cyanide) from toxic mining waste. 

The development of liquid-membrane extraction has been mainly in the fields of hydrometallurgy and waste-water treatment. There are also potential advantages for their use in biotechnology, such as extraction from fermentation broths, and biomedical engineering, such as blood oxygenation. 

Solvent extraction is used in nnmerons chemical industries to produce pure chemical compounds ranging from pharmaceuticals and biomedicals to heavy organics and metals, in analytical chemistry and in environmental waste purification. The scientific explanation of the distribution ratios observed is based on the fundamental physical chemistry of solute-solvent interaction, activity factors of the solutes in the pure phases, aqueous complexation, and complex-adduct interactions. Most university training provides only elementary knowledge about these fields, which is unsatisfactory from a fundamental chemical standpoint, as well as for industrial development and for protection of environmental systems. Solvent extraction uses are important in organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry, and in chemical engineering, theoretical as well as practical in this book we try to cover most of these important fields. 

Because of its overcrowded metropolis, as in any other developing country, India also has problem with the management of its varied solid wastes comprising domestic, biomedical, agricultural and industrial wastes. Dumpsites of such wastes have been found to be the sites of production of the most dreaded pollutants of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) group, the dioxins and furans (Minh et al., 2003 Kunisue et al., 2004). 

Despite the various fields of application (Figure 17.1), in this work industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, food and biotechnology will be considered. Waste-water treatment and biomedical applications are discussed in other chapters. 

A bioreactor is a vessel in which biochemical transformation of reactants occurs by the action of biological agents such as organisms or in vitro cellular components such as enzymes. This type of reactor is widely used in food and fermentation industries, in waste treatment, and in many biomedical facilities. There are two broad categories of bioreactors fermentation and enzyme (cell-free) reactors. Depending on the process requirements (aerobic, anaerobic, solid state, immobilized), numerous subdivisions of this classification are possible (Moo-Young, 1986). 

MRLs are, by definition (Chou et al. 1998), substance-specific and do not include effects attributable to interaction (whether additive, synergistic, or antagonistic) with other chemicals or environmental substances. Their relevance to the mission of ATSDR is to assist public health officials in the identification of chemicals/elements of potential health concern at hazardous waste sites. The ATSDR MRL is not intended to be used in the regulatory or site clean-up process, but is instead intended to serve as a basis of comparison with actual measured levels of environmental exposure. Further, the role of informed biomedical judgment is crucial in the application of any MRL, or the media-specific health guidance values (HGVs) derived from them, in any given exposure scenario (Risher and De Rosa 1997). MRLs for a particular substance are based upon the most sensitive effect/endpoint in that portion of the human population considered to be most susceptible to injury from exposure to that substance. Thus, the... 

---