Promoter engineering

A minimum volatihty is frequently specified to assure adequate vaporization under low temperature conditions. It can be defined either by a vapor pressure measurement or by initial distillation temperature limits. Vaporization promotes engine start-up. Fuel vapor pressure assumes an important role particularly at low temperature. For example, if fuel has cooled to —40°C, as at arctic bases, the amount of vapor produced is well below the lean flammabihty limit. In this case a spark igniter must vaporize enough fuel droplets to initiate combustion. Start-up under the extreme temperature conditions of the arctic is a major constraint in converting the Air Force from volatile JP-4 to kerosene-type JP-8, the military counterpart of commercial Jet Al. 

Alper H, Fischer C, Nevoigt E, Stephanopoulos G (2005) Tuning genetic control through promoter engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102 12678-12683... 

Marine diesel cylinder lubricants are total loss lubricants. In their brief operational life their main functions are to provide a strong oil film between the cylinder liner and the piston rings, hold partially burnt fuel residues in suspension so promoting engine cleanliness, and neutralise acids formed by the combustion of sulphur compounds in the fuel. Marine diesel cylinder lubricants are therefore formulated to combat mechanical, abrasive and corrosive wear. 

What alternative better promotes engineers virtues (courage and compassion) ... 

Huang, H.-H. and Lindblad, P. (2013) Wide-dynamic-range promoters engineered for cyanobacteria. J. Biol. Eng.,... 

Blazeck, J. and Alper, H.S. (2013) Promoter engineering recent advances in... 

For amplification of the target, methodologies involving production of anti-sense RNA (aRNA) from a RNA polymerase T7 promoter engineered at the 3 end of the cDNA are widely used (see (8)). A popular commercial use of this technique is the MessageAmp aRNA kit from Ambion (www.ambion.com). Multiple rounds of amplification may be employed. 

It has been reported that modification of promoters with various strengths can be exploited to precisely control gene expression (Alper et al. 2005). However, this approach has been confined mainly to bacteria (Andersen et al. 2001 Bakke et al. 2009 De Mey et al. 2007). Reports of promoter engineering in yeast are few (Alper et al. 2005 Nevoigt et al. 2006 2007), and the only promoter library has been constructed for P Q in P. pastoris (Hartner et al. 2008). By means of deletion and duplication of the putative transcription factor binding sites, a library of 46 mutant P ox was constructed (Hartner et al. 2008), which displayed a relative activity of between 6 and 160% of the control. 

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