Fruit residues, extraction

Sakamoto et al. (332) applied an HPLC method to analyze capsaicinoids and their phenolic intermediates in Capsicum annuum and to characterize their biosynthetic status. Descended fruit is extracted with 80% EtOH, the extract is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in DMSO and analyzed on an Inertsil ODS-2 column with gradient elution (ACN-aq. TFA) and detection at 280 nm. The method was used to study changes in capsaicin content during ripening. 

The commonly used method is the Soxhlet-Extraction by using diethylether and/or pentane as solvent. The sample is extracted continuously by using an Soxhlet-extrac-tor over a period of several hours. The extract is dried and concentrated by evaporation of the solvent. The residual extract can be applied directly to GC-analysis. This method is used for solid or pasty flavourings as well as for whole fruits or plants and their parts where the composition of the volatile compounds is required [4],... 

Batch suspended solids agglomerators allow accurate adjustment of residual moisture, even if the drying rate drops drastically at low liquid content, and result in better control of overall product quality. Therefore, outside pharmaceutical applications, their main use is for baby formulae, special food products such as powdered cocoa, tea and coffee, fruit juice extracts, egg and milk powder, etc., for detergents as well as other cleaning reagents and chemicals. 

Oliveira, A., Valentim, I., Silva, C., Bechara, C., Barros, M., Mano, C., and Goulart, M. 2009. Total phenolic content and fiee radical scavenging activities of methanolic extract powders of tropical fruit residues. Food Chemistry, 115(2), 469—475. 

Babbar, N., Oberoi, H. S. Sandhu, S. K. (2015). Therapeutic and nutraceutical potential of bioactive compounds extracted from fruit residues. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55, 319-337... 

Extraction and purification (Shimomura, 1989). Fruiting bodies are extracted with 30% methanol, and the extract is concentrated under reduced pressure. The residual solution (pH 6.0) is first washed with ethyl acetate, then acidified to pH 2.0 with 1 M HC1 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract is evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 30% methanol and purified by the following 3-step procedure. 

Extraction and purification (Shimomura, 1991b). The luciferin precursors PS-A and PS-B are extracted from the dried fruiting bodies of Panellus stipticus (5 g) with methanol, and the extract is evaporated under reduced pressure to remove most of the methanol. The residue (pH 6.3) is diluted with a small amount of water and extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extract is evaporated to dryness. The precursors in the residue are purified by three steps of silica gel chromatography and one step of HPLC, while monitoring the absorbance of eluate at 220-230 nm. The procedure is summarized below ... 

T. Pihlstrom, B- Kajrap, and A. Valverde, ValidationdataforlSpesticidesincludedinthemulti-residue method for analysis of pesitddes in fruit and vegetable using ethyl acetate extraction, GPC cleanup and GC determination, in Pesticide Analytical Methods in Sweden , Part 1, Rapport 17/98, National Food Administration, Uppsala (1998). 

A homogenized sample of cereals, vegetables, fruits or potatoes (10-20 g) is extracted with an organic solvent such as acetone and methanol. After filtration, the extract is concentrated to about 20 mL by rotary evaporation below 40 °C. The residue is transferred with 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution and partitioned twice with n-hexane. The n-hexane extracts are dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and subjected to a Florisil column chromatographic cleanup procedure. The eluate from the Horisil column is concentrated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in an appropriate amount of acetone for analysis by GC/NPD. ... 

Residual pendimethalin in various crops was determined as follows." A 10-20-g amount of fruits or vegetables was extracted by blending twice with 200 mL of methanol. Grasses and mint were extracted with 200 mL of methanol-water (1 1, v/v). Nuts were extracted with 200 mL of n-hexane-2-propanol (3 1, v/v). For the residue analysis of the dinitroaniline herbicides butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, a tomato sample (5 g) was extracted twice with 20 mL of methanol in a Sorvall homogenizer and filtered through filter paper. Benfluralin and trifluralin residues in the sample (10 g) were extracted with 100 mL of acetonitrile-water (99 1, v/v) in 250-mL screw-cap jars with Teflon liners rotated for 1 h on an end-over-end shaker (40 rpm). ... 

SFE of fruits and vegetables and meat products has been reported, but the sample preparation techniques necessary to obtain reproducible results are extremely time consuming. Solid absorbents such as Hydromatrix, Extrelut " anhydrous magnesium sulfate or absorbent polymers are required to control the level of water in the sample for the extraction of the nonpolar pesticides. Without the addition of Hydromatrix, nonpolar pesticides cannot penetrate the water barrier between the sample particles and the supercritical CO2. The sample is normally frozen and the addition of dry-ice may be required to reduce losses due to degradation and/or evaporation. Thorough reviews of the advantages and limitations of SFE in pesticide residues... 

Alba et al. used ethyl acetate to extract imidacloprid residues from fruits and vegetables. A 15-g sample of vegetable or fruit is weighed into a blender tube and 60 mL of ethyl acetate and 15g of sodium sulfate are added. The mixture is homogenized for 30 s, using a Polytron, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated and the residue obtained is dissolved in acetonitrile-water (1 1, v/v). Alba etal. considered the low recoveries of these polar pesticides as the major disadvantage of the acetone extraction method. In their previous work they evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate for the extraction of pesticide residues. 

The residue analysis of CPMA and CPMF in vegetables and fruits is carried out as follows. A 20-g amount of the sample is homogenized for 3 min with 100 mL of acetone and filtered. The extraction procedure is repeated once with 50 mL of acetone and filtered. The combined filtrate is concentrated to 10 mL at 50 °C and, after addition of 0.2 mL of triethylamine to the concentrate, the reaction mixture is allowed to stand for 30 min at 50 °C. The mixture is applied to an Extrelut column (Extrelut 14-g). CPF from CPMA via CPMF is eluted with 50 ml of diethyl ether after washing the... 

Dichloromethane partition. Partition residues into dichloromethane as described for fruit and vegetables. Evaporate the dichloromethane extract just to dryness by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure in a <40 °C water-bath. 

Subsequent processing of the fruit components and extraction of the contained toxicants have been described (11, 12, 14, IS). Analyses for DDT residues have been made with the dehydrohalogenation method (11, 15). The magenta color reaction of Averell and Norris (1) as modified by Gunther and Blinn (H) was used to analyze for parathion residues. Appropriate fruit blanks were run with each set of analyses. 

A Simple and Rapid Assay for Analyzing Residues of Carbamate Insecticides in Vegetables and Fruits Hot Water Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (from Bogialli et ah, 2004)... 

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