Temperate areas

Similar deposits of radiolaria or diatoms composed of siUceous skeletal remains are widespread in more temperate areas in deep water below 5000 m. The deposits maybe very pure. The diatoms recovered from deposits on land are used as fillers or filter materials or as a source of high quaUty carbonate or sihca (see Diatomite). 

In summary, the following differences are observed in modem mammals from cold and temperate areas (Figs. 4.3 and 4.4) ... 

The approach proposed to check the preservation of isotopic signatures in Pleistocene samples from cold and temperate areas is to look for these specific signatures whenever possible, by selecting the appropriate specimens in the studied localities, before trying to interpret isotopic variations in fossil samples. The next section will provide examples of this approach in several cases published for Eurasia and Alaska. 

Figure 4.5. 8 C and 8 N values of bone collagen from Marillac mammals (-45,000 BP) compared with those of recent mammals from cold and temperate areas (average 1 s.d.). Isotopic abundances of Marillac mammals are from Fizet et al. (1995).

The following differences have been observed in modern mammals from cold and temperate areas with no C4 plants a slight enrichment in C in collagen between herbivores and carnivores a clear difference in carbonate hydroxylapatite 8 C values between herbivores and carnivores (including bears), and thus a difference between A Cvalues of herbivores and carnivores a clear enrichment in N between herbivore and carnivore bone collagen. 

In general, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds and the associated problems are primarily influenced by the location of production, storage, and marketing. The Aspergillus species that produce mycotoxins are more common in the warmer, subtropical and tropical areas than in the temperate areas of the world. However, stringent government regulations for mycotoxins and risk analyses are more common in temperate areas than in the warmer areas of the world, where it becomes both a health and a financial problem. 

Schwertmarm, U. Murad, E. Schulze, D.G. (1982a) Is there holocene reddening (hematite formation) in soils of axeric temperate areas Geoderma 27 209—223... 

Lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshes - common in temperate areas - contribute little to the diversity of natural products. Abundant dull-green grass and dull-colored fish and moUusks characterize lakes and rivers, in contrasts with the vivid colors of tropical fish and seaweeds. Haplosclerid sponges are occasionally abundant in freshwater, but their secondary metabolism is limited to demospongic acids (Dembisky 1994), in contrast with the variety of metabolites from marine sponges in the same order. Where not for cyanobacteria (which are as rich of unusual metabolites as the marine strains), tropical amphibians, and aquatic fimgi, freshwater ecosystems would have passed unnoticed in this book. 

Associated organisms have also to be considered. A large tree may host as many as 500 different species of insects, part of which go extinct with the tree. It is also believed that the diversity of symbionts correlates with that of the host, such as mycorrhizal fiingi with terrestrial plants (van der Heijden 1998). Pathogens and herbivores may also control the plant species distribution, both in the tropics and temperate areas (Packer 2000). 

The family is mostly tropical and subtropical but extends into temperate areas including a few representatives in the United Stales. In the New World, we recognize some genera as ornamentals (e.g., the calla lily) in the Old World, some roots are used as food (e.g., taro) as are the fruits of Monslera species. 

This is a family of aquatics of the tropical and warm temperate areas. They are often used in aquaria. Earlier literature has the genera in the Nymphaceae but Cronquist gives them separate family status. 

Tropical and warm temperate areas are the ranges of this family, especially in the Americas. Some species yield edible fruits, others arc ornamentals, and a few have been used medicinally. 

This is essentially a tropical family with a few representatives found in warm temperate areas. It has been divided into several subfamilies which are treated as separate families by some taxonomists. 

Trees of this family occur from tropical to chieily north temperate areas. They are noted for timber (elm), a medicine (slippery elm bark), and ornamentals. 

This is a cosmopolitan family but it is found especially in north temperate areas and the Andes of South America. Most are garden plants though some are edible, and Valeriana is medicinally used. 

This is essentially a family of tropical to warm regions with extension into temperate areas (grapes). The fermented juice of the grape has been known since ancient times and cultivated varieties of the fruit are many. Otherwise, the family is known for some house plants. 

Grimalt JO, Fernandez P, Berdie L, Vilanova RM, Catalan J, Psenner R, Hofer R, Appleby PG, Rosseland BO, Lien L, Massabuau LC, Batterbee RW (2001) Selective trapping of organo-chlorine compounds in mountain lakes of temperate areas. Environ Sci Technol 35 2690-2697... 

Even if actual evaporation rates for the sites in this study are difficult to predict because of the dependence on the specific microclimatic conditions, we can infer general trends for the altitudinal transects in New Zealand and California. Both are located in temperate areas and have relatively dry temperature lapse rates (6 °C), and in California, cloudiness increases with altitude. Comparing these conditions to the modeled environments discussed above would suggest that evaporation is likely to decrease with altitude, or at least not increase significantly. The larger leaf size of the oak leaves may increase their evaporation rates relative to the smaller mountain beech leaves, but this remains speculative as no irradiation data available were available for either site. 

Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). Human poisonings were first identified in the 1960s. It causes sickness in humans lasting several days but is not fatal. It is caused by chemicals of the okadaic acid family (okadaic acid+ 4 related compounds) produced by several species of Dinophysis dinoflagellates. The main contamination problems include mussels, clams, and other bivalves of the cold and warm temperate areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, mainly in Japan and Europe. Only two cases of DSP have been documented in North America. 

Guerschman J.P. and Paruelo J.M. (2005). Agricultural impacts on ecosystem functioning in temperate areas of North and South America. Global and Planetary Change, 47(2-4), 170-180. 

Ostreopsis siamensis was first isolated by Schmidt in the Gulf of Siam, Thailand, in 1901 (Schmidt 1901). This dinoflagellate occurs in mat r tropical and subtropical areas of the world, mainly as epiphytic and less frequently as planktonic, and also in temperate areas during summertime. Until today, the presence of O. siamensis has been reported in the coastal waters of Japan (Yasumoto et al. 1987), New Zealand (Chang et al. 2000 Rhodes et al. 2000), Tasmania (Pearce et al. 2000), Spain, Italy (Vila et al. 2001 Penna et al. 2005), Greece (Aligizaki et al. 2005), and Tunisia (Turki 2005). 

Meteorological factors are also responsible for seasonal variability in the air spora. In most temperate areas, spore concentrations tend to increase in late spring often showing a significant correlation with increasing temperatures [13]. Many studies have shown highest levels of airborne spores typically... 

Mustard is persistent in the environment. Mustard may remain in the environment for up to 1 week in temperate areas. It disappears more quickly in hot climates and in desert conditions persistence is reduced to about 1 day. Since mustard binds to vegetation for days to weeks, grazing animals need to be kept away from these areas (USACHPPM, 2001b). 

The primary focus of isotopic studies on human bone has revolved around the distinction between consumption of C3 plant material and plant material Some years ago, it was discovered that the C3 (or Calvin) and the (or Hatch-Slack) photosynthetic pathways generated plant tissue with quite different abundances, an approximately 15 parts per thousand (0/00) difference in the isotopic ratio ( ) This isotopic difference between two types of plants is the main basis for most studies of human diets that have used stable isotopes of carbon as an analytical tool Most plants in temperate areas are of the C3 type, but corn (maize) is a plant and is of special interest to archaeologists because of the apparent dependence of many cultures on maize agriculture ... 

Loggeihead turtles, Caretta caretUh are the largest of the three turdes and, like the others, are primarily found in warm seas, although they nest in more temperate areas than the other species. They have large heads and powerful jaws with which they can crush crustaceans and the other creatures that make up their prey. 

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