France epidemiological study

Spores may be transferred from soil and plants to the sea via rainwater, causing the prevalence in coastal waters of the same C. botulinum types as on the land. Such a correlation was observed in Great Britain, where the type B predominates both in soil and in bottom sediments. Similarly, 71% of fish and bottom-sediment samples collected in southern France were contaminated with type B, while C. botulinum type E was found only in 9.6% of samples (Each et al., 2002). However, it is commonly believed that non-proteolytic type E is characteristic for the marine environment. A distinguishing feature of type E strains is the ability to grow in low temperatures (about 3°C), which are typical for bottom layers of seas and oceans. Moreover, the bottom sediments provide anaerobic conditions for the outgrowth of Clostridium. Therefore, the marine environment promotes C. botulinum type E distribution. This has been further supported by the rate of fish and seafood contamination fish and seafood isolated in many countries are most frequently contaminated with C. botulinum type E (Dodds, 1993 a,b). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that the majority of botulism cases linked to fish and seafood consumption reported between 1950 and 1996 in the U.S. were caused by C. botulinum type E (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). C. botulinum type F,... 

In a 12-week epidemiological study conducted in a small town in Ohio, the ranges of concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite ion, and chlorate ion in drinking water were 0.3-1.1, 3.2-7.0, and 0.3-1.1 mg/L, respectively (Lykins et al. 1990 Michael et al. 1981). In one study using a sensitive analytical method, the average concentration of chlorine dioxide in tap water from the city of Brest, France was 1.8x10 mol/L (0.012 mg/L) (Quentel et al. 1994). 

Epidemiological studies on the complications of the use of diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy will certainly produce new data as time goes on most of the data will probably continue to come from the USA and the Netherlands, where diethylstilbestrol was much more widely used to treat habitual or threatened abortion than elsewhere. In France 150 000-200 000 pregnancies were involved in the Netherlands, with a much smaller population, 180 000-380 000 pregnant women were treated with diethylstilbestrol up to 1976. 

Cuny, D., Davranche, L., Thomas, P. et al. (2004) Spatial and temporal variations of trace element contents in Xanthoria parietina thalli collected in a highly industrialized area in northern France as an element for a future epidemiological study. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 49(1-3), 391-401. 

Baumelou E, Guiguet M, Mary JY. Epidemiology of aplastic anemia in France a case-control study. I. Medical history and medication use. The French Cooperative Group for Epidemiological Study of Aplastic Anemia. Blood 1993 81(6) 1471-8. 

The opposite must be said in the case of alcoholic beverages. Experimental results did not indicate that they might play a role in the potentiation of cancer risk. This notion was somehow supported by the epidemiological studies carried out in France, which lead to the discovery of the so-called French paradox. Contrary to the common belief among this country s population, despite high alcohol intake, the frequency of heart failures and possibly also tumor incidence is lower than that in other states. Currently, it is postulated that antioxidant substances present in colored alcoholic beverages and particularly abundant in red wine (Figure 14.1) offer such protection. 

SERUM LIPOPROTEINS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS In most countries, the risk of mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) is correlated with a high dietary intake of saturated fat and elevated serum cholesterol levels. France is an exception to this rule, with relatively low mortality from CHD despite the consumption of high quantities of saturated fats by the French (the French paradox ). Epidemiological studies suggest that widespread wine consumption... 

An epidemiological study conducted 1974 in France (Chone, 1977) indicated that of 254,788 cases of death due to heart failure, 269 cases, or 0.11%, were identified as cardiomyopathies that were somewhat similar in histology to the observed cardiomyopathies in rats. Of the 269 cases, there was a significant association with alcohol consumption but not with dietary fat and vegetable oil. This study is of particular interest, since France, like India, is a major consumer of rapeseed oil which until 1974 was of the high erucic acid variety. 

Lanphear, B.P., Matte, T.D., Rogers, J., Clickner, R.P., Dietz, B., Bomschein, ILL., et aL, 1998. The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children s blood lead levels a pooled analysis of 12 epidemiological studies. Environ. Res. 79, 51—68. Leroyer, A., Nisse, C., Hemon, D., Gruchociak, A., Salomez, J.L., Haguenoer, JAl., 2000. Environmental lead exposure in a population of children in northern France factra-s aflect-ing lead burden. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38, 281—289. 

After that period, the concentration of magnesium carbonate used as a stabilizer in fine salt was increased until 2 %. This modification could improve the stabilization of iodine during our systematic study. The increase of iodine content evaluated in 1992 in the commercial salt is higher than in 1984 and this could be the explanation of the normalization of urinary excretion.With a mean content of 7.5 mg/kg we can assume that the daily supplementation would be around 25 pg of iodine per day. Those findings need to be reevaluated in other districts and moreover they raise of question of a possible regression of goiter endemicity in France which needs more epidemiological studies. 

Chrysostome V, Tison F, Yekhlef F, Sourgen C, Baldi 1, Dartigues JF (2004) Epidemiology of multiple system atrophy a prevalence and pilot risk factor study in Aquitaine, France. Neuroepidemiology 23 201-208... 

Abenhaim L, Dab W, Salmi LR. 1992. Study of civilian victims of terrorist attacks (France, 1982-1987). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45(2) 103-109. 

A Swiss study examined the epidemiology and costs of work-related bums [18]. These authors found that 4.6 % of all accidents in Switzerland were bums and that 3 % of all work-related accidents were bums. Based on population demographics, they estimated approximately 36,000 bum injuries per year with 5 % of these requiring hospital admission and one-third of those reqniring treatment in a specialized bum center. Of 6,814 bum injuries in 1984, 58 % (3,952) were work related. The total cost for bum care was 17.7 million Swiss Francs, with 19 % for medical care and the rest for other compensation. These anthors did not separate chemical skin injuries from other bum etiologies [18]. 

McKinnell, R.G. and V.L. Ellis. 1972. Epidemiology of the frog renal tumor and the significance of tumor nuclear transplantation studies to a viral etiology of the tumor—a review. In Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses, pp. 183-190. Lyon, France International Agency for Research on Cancer. 

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